@article {406,
	title = {Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {403},
	number = {6765},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Times Cited: 61ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 27273bm},
	month = {JAN 6},
	pages = {80-84},
	abstract = {Over 400 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) died and many others displayed signs of neurological dysfunction along the central California coast during May and June 1998. A bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia australis (diatom) was observed in the Monterey Bay region during the same period. This bloom was associated with production of domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin(1) that was also detected in planktivorous fish, including the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and in sea lion body fluids. These and other concurrent observations demonstrate the trophic transfer of DA resulting in marine mammal mortality. In contrast to fish, blue mussels (Mytilus edulus) collected during the DA outbreak contained no DA or only trace amounts. Such findings reveal that monitoring of mussel toxicity alone does not necessarily provide adequate warning of DA entering the food web at levels sufficient to harm marine wildlife and perhaps humans.},
	keywords = {domoic acid, hippocampal damage, mice, probes},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000084687400046},
	author = {Scholin, C. A. and Gulland, F. and Doucette, G. J. and Benson, S. and Busman, M. and F. P. Chavez and Cordaro, J. and DeLong, R. and De Vogelaere, A. and Harvey, J. and M. Haulena and Lefebvre, K. and Lipscomb, T. and Loscutoff, S. and Lowenstine, L. J. and Marin, R. and Miller, P. E. and McLellan, W. A. and Moeller, P. D. R. and Powell, C. L. and Rowles, T. and Silvagni, P. and Silver, M. and Spraker, T. and Trainer, V. and Van Dolah, F. M.}
}
@article {656,
	title = {Movement, dive behavior, and survival of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) posttreatment for domoic acid toxicosis},
	journal = {Marine Mammal Science},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	note = {538EOTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:29},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {36-52},
	abstract = {P>Domoic acid (DA) is a neuroexcitatory toxin increasingly causing strandings and mortality of marine mammals. The hippocampus of mammalian brains, associated with learning, memory, and spatial navigation, is one of the predominant regions affected by DA exposure. California sea lions stranding from 2003 to 2006 as a result of DA toxicosis were classified as having acute (n = 12) or chronic neurologic (n = 22) clinical signs. Chronic neurologic cases were examined by magnetic resonance imaging to determine the extent of brain damage related to DA exposure. Brain damage included hippocampal and parahippocampal atrophy, temporal horn enlargement, and pathological T2 hyperintensity. Posttreatment, animals were fitted with satellite transmitters and their movement and dive behaviors compared with those of a control group. The only significant difference between acute and chronic animals was distance traveled per day. There were, however, significant differences between chronic neurologic cases and controls: chronic neurologic cases dove shallower for shorter durations, traveled further from shore, and spent less time hauled out and more time surface swimming than control animals. There was no relationship between severity of brain damage and behavioral patterns for chronic neurologic cases. Sea lions with chronic neurologic changes had a poor prognosis for survival following release.},
	keywords = {california sea lions, domoic acid, harmful algal blooms, hippocampal atrophy, hippocampus, magnetic resonance imaging (mri), memory, mortality, Pseudo-nitzschia, rats, Zalophus californianus},
	isbn = {0824-0469},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000273167300003},
	author = {Thomas, K. and Harvey, J. T. and Goldstein, T. and Barakos, J. and Gulland, F.}
}
