@article {231,
	title = {Autecology of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis, a domoic acid producer, from Monterey Bay, California},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {84},
	number = {3},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Times Cited: 54ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 31Jl349},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {293-302},
	abstract = {Pseudonitzschia australis Frenguelli has been identified as the domoic acid producer responsible for pelican mortalities and shellfish and other seafood quarantines on the west coast of the United States. During autumn 1991, Monterey Bay was the focus of the highest reported concentration of domoic acid in shellfish and anchovies. P. australis has been identified as an important and persistent component of the phytoplankton assemblage in Monterey Bay and contiguous waters for the past 3 yr. High abundances occurred consistently in the autumns of 1988 to 1991, as well as in March 1990 and July 1991. Maximum abundance, recorded in November 1991, was in excess of 6 x 10(5) cells l-1. Per cell domoic acid concentrations in October and November 1991 ranged from 3 to 31 pg and water column burdens ranged from 0.1 to 6.7-mu-g l-1. In their tissues, anchovies contained quantities of domoic acid equivalent to 2 d worth of ration, implying high incorporation and/or low depuration rates.},
	keywords = {shellfish},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1992JL34900009},
	author = {K. R. Buck and Uttalcooke, L. and C. H. Pilskaln and D. L. Roelke and M. C. Villac and G. A. Fryxell and L. Cifuentes and F. P. Chavez}
}
@article {405,
	title = {Ribosomal DNA sequences discriminate among toxic and non-toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species},
	journal = {Nat. Toxins},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {152-165},
	author = {Scholin, C. and M. C. Villac and K. Buck and Krupp, J. M. and Powers, D. A. and G. A. Fryxell and Chavez, F.}
}
@article {448,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia australis Frenguelli and related species from the west coast of the USA: Occurrence and domoic acid production},
	journal = {Journal of Shellfish Research},
	volume = {12},
	number = {2},
	year = {1993},
	note = {Times Cited: 33ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 62Mx612},
	month = {DEC},
	pages = {457-465},
	abstract = {Awareness of the threat of the phycotoxin domoic acid, the cause of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), reached the U.S.A. west coast in the fall of 1991. Domoic acid in razor clams, mussels, and Dungeness crabs led to the closure of fisheries along the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington. The death of pelicans that had fed on contaminated anchovies in Monterey Bay, California, set off the alarm by mid-September. The diatom Pseudonitzschia australis Frenguelli, detected in high concentrations in Monterey Bay at that time, was found to be a source of domoic acid. The present survey shows that, during the fall of 1991, P. australis and other Pseudonitzschia spp. were also observed in other sites on the west coast from Southern California to the mouth of the Columbia River (Newport, Coos Bay, and Ilwaco). In the fall of 1992, besides P. australis, other Pseudonitzschia spp. were present in Monterey Bay: P. americana and P. pungens, along with the known domoic acid producers P. delicatissima, P. pungens f. multiseries, and P. pseudodelicatissima. There was no report of a domoid acid outbreak in the Bay in 1992. There is strong evidence from the literature that, except for P. americana, all Pseudonitzschia species found in 1991 and 1992 have been part of the diatom community of the U.S.A. west coast at least since the 1940{\textquoteright}s. The study of their distributional patterns can provide a predictive tool for the future onset of potential harmful blooms, and hence help protect the consumer and the seafood industry. Clones of P. australis from Monterey Bay, Coos Bay and Ilwaco were established in 1991, and clones of P. australis, P. americana, P. delicatissima, P. pungens, and P. pungens f. multiseries from Monterey Bay were established in 1992. Domoic acid was detected in P. australis (0.02-0.4 pg . cell-1) and in P. pungens f. multiseries (0.06-1.5 pg . cell-1) while P. americana, P. delicatissima, and P. pungens tested negative. The low toxicity found for these Pseudonitzschia clones may be attributed to testing the cell contents only and to growth and harvesting conditions in the lab. The implications of background levels of domoic acid to shellfish contamination in the field and, therefore, to long-term exposure of low concentrations of this toxin to consumers have yet to be explored.},
	keywords = {amnesic shellfish poisoning-asp, culture, diatom nitzschia-pungens, domoic acid, gulf, mussels, neurotoxic amino-acid, outbreak, performance liquid-chromatography, phytoplankton, prince-edward-island, Pseudonitzschia, shellfish, toxic diatoms, USA west coast},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993MX61200038},
	author = {M. C. Villac and D. L. Roelke and F. P. Chavez and Cifuentes, L. A. and G. A. Fryxell}
}
@mastersthesis {446,
	title = {Synecology of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo from Moneterey Bay, California, USA},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {258},
	school = {Texas A\&M University},
	type = {mastersPh.D.},
	address = {College Station, Texas},
	author = {M. C. Villac}
}
@article {345,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Bacillariophyceae) - Nuclear ribosomal DNAs and species differences},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Times Cited: 25ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 53Rf344},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {421-427},
	abstract = {The region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) operon containing the small subunit (SSU), internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), and a portion of the 5.8S rDNA gene was sequenced in one isolate each of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle and Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Grunow in Cleve \& Moller) Hasle. The SSUs of these two species were highly similar, differing only in 24 point mutations and one insertion/ deletion in 2774 bp. The ITS1 sequences were more variable, with 57 point mutations and three insertion/deletions in 257 bp. There were no differences in 44 bp of the 5.8S sequences. Restriction fragment patterns (RFPs) for the restriction endonucleases HaeIII, HhaI, and RsaI for 13 isolates of P. multiseries from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts of the United States and 16 isolates of P. pungens from the three coasts of the United States, in addition to Japan and China, were compared. There were differences between the RFPs of P. multiseries and P. pungens that corresponded to sites mapped by the DNA sequences, but no intraspecific variation in RFPs was observed for either species. The differences in RFPs correlate with morphological, immunological, and other rDNA differences and support the recognition of these taxa as separate species.},
	keywords = {algae, Bacillariophyta, canada, diatom, domoic-acid, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), p-pungens, phylogeny, phytoplankton, polymorphisms, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, restriction fragment pattern (RFP), ribosomal DNA (rDNA), sequences, shellfish, small subunit (SSU), waters},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1995RF34400014},
	author = {Manhart, J. R. and G. A. Fryxell and M. C. Villac and Segura, L. Y.}
}
@article {281,
	title = {The occurrence of the toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) on the West Coast of the USA, 1920-1996: a review},
	journal = {Phycologia},
	volume = {36},
	number = {6},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISSN: 0031-8884Language: EnglishSummary Language: English},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {419-437},
	abstract = {The known history of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia [mostly reported in error as Nitzschia seriata (P.T. Cleve) H. Peragallo] on the West Coast of the USA is traced in three time periods: the early observations of 1920-1943, later publications in 1960-1990, and recent publications after known domoic acid events in 1991-1996. The genus has been widespread in these coastal waters, and more than a dozen species have been identified, with the number still increasing. Dominance shifts among species on time scales of weeks, months, and years. There is direct evidence of increases of cell numbers with even small amounts of upwelling, whereas some blooms have coincided with times of low expectation of upwelling. Original data from W.E. Allen{\textquoteright}s notes provided by W.H. Thomas, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, suggest a possible explanation, borne out by recent culturing work. Viable cells can sink from the surface waters and rise in a different growth stage. Geographically, species in this genus have been studied most intensively recently in Monterey Bay, California, and it is possible that this bay functions as a center of seed stock that can be transported both north and south by seasonal currents. Presently known distribution of species is documented, with abundant stock of four species known to produce the toxin. In some areas, a domoic acid event could result from even moderate numbers of the large-celled P. australis Frenguelli at any life stage, or large numbers of the more slender P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle in the stationary growth phase, or even from some populations of the ubiquitous P. pungens (Grunow ex P.T. Cleve) Hasle.},
	keywords = {Algae/lichens, Algal blooms, Bacillariophyceae, bacteria, Biological poisons, coast, D 04627, distribution, domoic acid, Ecological, Environmental factors, Fungi and Plants, geographical distribution, historical account, INE, K 03009 Algae, O 1010 Viruses, O 1070 Ecology/Community Studies, phytoplankton, Protists, Pseudonitzschia, Q1 01222 Geographical distribution, Q1 01461 Plankton, Toxicity, USA, West},
	author = {G. A. Fryxell and M. C. Villac and Shapiro, L. P.}
}
@article {447,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia pungens var. cingulata var. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) based on field and culture observations},
	journal = {Phycologia},
	volume = {37},
	number = {4},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Times Cited: 2ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 15119cq},
	month = {JUL},
	pages = {269-274},
	abstract = {Pseudo-nitzschia pungens var. cingulata var. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) is described based on light and scanning electron microscopy of field and cultured material from Monterey Bay, California. Cultures of P. pungens (Grunow in Cleve \& Mailer) Hasle from widely separated coastal regions were studied for comparison. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens var, cingulata differs from P. pungens with regard to the fine structure of the valve and band striae. The valvar striae are composed of two widely spaced rows of poroids and often include a third incipient row. In contrast to the nominate variety, poroids are obscured by adjacent costae and are not commonly visible by light microscopy. Unlike P. pungens, which has a transverse row of large poroids in the band striae, the striate bands of this new variety are perforated by two rows of two or three minute poroids and one or two poroids closer to the band extremity. The neurotoxin domoic acid was not detected in any of the P. pungens var, cingulata cultures tested, although P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle and P. australis Frenguelli did produce it under the same conditions.},
	keywords = {diatom pseudonitzschia-australis, domoic acid production, multiseries bacillariophyceae},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000075878100005},
	author = {M. C. Villac and G. A. Fryxell}
}
@book {449,
	title = {The coastal Pseudo-nitzschia from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Conference: 9. International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms, Hobart (Australia), 7-11 Feb 2000Physical medium: Printed matterLanguage: EnglishSummary Language: EnglishBook Monograph; ConferenceASFA Input Center Number: KETF2001},
	publisher = {Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. pp. 34-37. 2001.},
	organization = {Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. pp. 34-37. 2001.},
	abstract = {On the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, there are 3 environments where Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are a frequent component of the micro-phytoplankton (detected in 70-80\% of the samples): Cabo Frio (cape with seasonal upwelling), Guanabara Bay (heavily polluted estuary), and Ribeira Bay (pristine waters). Cell density can vary from 10 super(2) cells.L super(-1) (common in Cabo Frio) to a maximum value of 10 super(5) cells.L super(-1) (constant in Guanabara Bay and often found in Ribeira Bay). In Cabo Frio (1988-90), they contributed to the first stages of phytoplankton succession triggered by upwelling, but were also well represented in nutrient-poorer, warmer waters. In Guanabara Bay (1985-87, 1998-99), the occurrence and distribution of this marine genus was mostly determined by salinity gradients: lowest abundances (at times, none detected) in the inner reaches of the bay and during the rainy season (summer). In Ribeira Bay (1987-97), the homogeneity of local hydrological features allowed for the presence of the genus year around and at high relative contributions to the micro-phytoplankton (>50\% of the total cell density). At present, eight species are identified using light and/or scanning electron microscopy: P. cuspidata, P. delicatissima, P. heimii, P. cf. multiseries, P. multistriata, P. pseudodelicatissima, P. pungens, and P. cf. subfraudulenta.},
	keywords = {Algal blooms, Biological poisons, brazil, Check lists, Environmental Regime:, Marine, parasites and diseases, phytoplankton, Primary, production, Pseudo-nitzschia, Q1 01484 Species interactions:, Q5 01505 Prevention and control, Rio de Janeiro, Salinity gradients},
	author = {M. C. Villac and Tenenbaum, D. R.}
}
@article {557,
	title = {The surf-zone phytoplankton of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. I. Trends in space-time distribution with emphasis on Asterionellopsis glacialis and Anaulus australis (Bacillariophyta)},
	journal = {Nova Hedwigia},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Suppl. 133276TOTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:43},
	pages = {115-129},
	abstract = {The objective of this research was to assess the species composition and relative abundance of the surf-zone phytoplankton of 20 beaches in the State of Sao Paulo (23 degrees 20{\textquoteright}-25 degrees S), Brazil, from August 2004 to July 2006. Once a month, surface hauls with a 20 mu m-mesh phytoplankton net were taken "simultaneously" (within an 8-hour period) at beaches of contrasting morphodynamics distributed along an 880km-long coastline. The most conspicuous trend, observed for both annual cycles, was the dominance or co-dominance of the known surf-diatoms Asterionellopsis glacialis and Anaulus australis at the more exposed beaches of the southern coast. The second trend observed was the dominance or co-dominance of other diatoms (Thalassionema nitzschioides, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and the Cylindrotheca complex) at the more protected beaches from the northern and central areas. A third trend emerged because of the response of the phytoplankton to an extended, warmer summer period during the second annual cycle, when the presence of A. glacialis and A. australis was masked by the contribution of T. nitzschioides, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and the Cylindrotheca complex. During short periods of time, and at the most protected beaches of the northern coast, the higher contribution of dinoflagellates was in agreement with Margalef{\textquoteright}s mandala: higher water column stability favours cells provided with a flagellum.},
	keywords = {anaulus australis, asterionellopsis glacialis, birostratus grunow, blooms, brazil, cassino beach, centrales, coast, diatom, distribution, olympic peninsula, south-africa, sundays river beach, surf-zone phytoplankton, washington},
	isbn = {0029-5035},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000254166200013},
	author = {M. C. Villac and Noronha, V. A. D. C.}
}
