@article {242,
	title = {The rapid differentiation of toxic Alexandrium and Pseudo-nitzschia species using fluorescent lectin probes},
	journal = {Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography},
	volume = {34},
	number = {3},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Sept},
	pages = {167-171},
	author = {E. S. Cho and J. G. Park and Kim, H. G. and Kim, C. H. and Rhodes, L. L. and Chung, C. S.}
}
@article {240,
	title = {Monthly monitoring of domoic acid producer Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle using species-specific DNA probes and WGA lectins and abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) from Chinhae Bay, Korea},
	journal = {Botanica Marina},
	volume = {45},
	number = {4},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 1ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 25571nf},
	pages = {364-372},
	abstract = {A twelvemonth field survey of the genus Pseudonitzschia was carried out in Chinhae Bay, an area of commercial culturing and harvesting of oysters.The study used molecular DNA probes and WGA lectins to determine monthly species abundance and relate this to environmental conditions and nutrients. Ten species of Pseudonitzschia were identified during the study: Pseudonitzschia multiseries, P. pungens, P. multistriata, P. delicatissima, P. cuspidata, P. subfraudulenta, P. granii, P. fraudulenta, P. subpacifica, and an unidentified Pseudonitzschia sp. Of the Pseudonitzschia species, Pseudonitzschia pungens had the highest cell abundance, followed by P. delicatissima and P. multistriata.The presence of Pseudonitzschia multiseries was correlated with domoic acid (DA) contamination of shellfish, for example at Stations (Stn) P2, P3 and P4.Where Pseudonitzschia multiseries was recorded, trace levels of DA were detected, but at Stn P1 neither Pseudonitzschia multiseries nor DA were detected during the period of this study. Pseudonitzschia multiseries is regarded as the most toxic of the DAproducing species known in Korea. Korean isolates of Pseudonitzschia multiseries were strongly labeled by WGA lectin and the Pseudonitzschia multiseries speciesspecific DNA probe, and were distributed in seawater of lower temperature (less than or equal to15 degreesC) and linked with lower nutrient concentrations, although cell numbers were significantly lower than for Pseudonitzschia pungens.The use of the probes puD1, deD1 and frD1 led to the recognition of Pseudonitzschia pungens, P. delicatissima and P. fraudulenta, respectively. Although Pseudonitzschia species varied depending on month and sampling site, most were present at higher cell densities in lower temperature waters except for Pseudonitzschia multistriata. It was demonstrated that these methods provide a simple and rapid technique for the identification of a variety of Pseudonitzschia in Korean waters, and offer the opportunity for a series of realtime species detection in the future.},
	keywords = {Coastal waters, identification, targeted fluorescent-probes},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000176722900008},
	author = {E. S. Cho and H. J. Hur and H. S. Byun and S. G. Lee and Rhodes, L. L. and C. S. Jeong and J. G. Park}
}
@article {243,
	title = {The application of species specific DNA-targeted probes and fluorescently tagged lectin to differentiate several species of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) in Chinhae Bay, Korea},
	journal = {Scientia Marina},
	volume = {65},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Times Cited: 1ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 28478tj},
	month = {SEP},
	pages = {207-214},
	abstract = {We applied molecular methods using a DNA probe and fluorescently tagged lectins to discriminate toxic Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries from the Chinhae Bay for a Korean harmfulalgae monitoring program. From the binding activity of lectins, P. multistriata, P. subfraudulenta, P. pungens, P. multiseries and P. cuspidata bound ConA, whereas P. Sub-pacifica and P. delicatissima did not. Ribosomal RNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes (muD1, puD1 and deD1) specifically reacted to P. multiseries, P. pungens and P. delicatissima, respectively, whereas auD1, frD1 and amD1 probes did not bind to P. multiseries, P. pungens, P. cuspidata, P. multistriata, P. subpacifica, P. subfraudulenta and P. delicatissima. In particular, fluorescent FITC-conjugated WGA specifically bound to P. multiseries but not to P. pungens, indicating that this is a desirable method for their rapid and easy discrimination. In addition, we tested a species-specific oligonucleotide DNA probe (muD1) using the whole cell hybridization filter tube system, and the WGA lectin probe to discriminate P. multiseries in the field, The oligonucleotide probe and fluorescent WGA bound specifically to P. multiseries and these labelled cells were correlated to label cell abundance. These results imply that DNA and lectin probes are apporopriate tools for counting P. multiseries and distinguishing morphologically similar Pseudo-nitzschia species in natural samples, therefore, these methods axe especially pertinent since rapid separation and quantitative estimation of cell abundance of P. multiseries are now important for a routine harmful algae monitoring program in Korean waters.},
	keywords = {differentiation, DNA probes, domoic acid, fitc-conjugated lectins, identification, Pseudo-nitzschia, pungens},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000171361200005},
	author = {E. S. Cho and J. G. Park and Oh, B. C. and Cho, Y. C.}
}
@article {241,
	title = {The comparison between toxic Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle and non-toxic P. pungens (Grunow) Hasle isolated from Jinhae Bay, Korea},
	journal = {Algae},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {2001},
	note = {ISSN: 1226-2617Language: EnglishSummary Language: EnglishASFA Input Center Number: CS0305605},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {275-285},
	abstract = {We studied the ecological characteristics of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and P. pungens, comparing the morphology, toxin production, growth and ITS sequences. On the basis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it was found that P. pungens had 9-12 fibulae in 10 mu m, 2 rows of poroids, 3-4 poroids in 1 mu m and 9-11 striae in 10 mu m, while in P. multiseries 13-14 fibulae in 10 mu m, 3-4 rows of poroids, 4-6 poroids in1 mu m and 13-14 striae in 10 mu m. Domoic acid (DA) production by P. multiseries was determined by HPLC with UV or fluorometric detection, and resulted in 221.8 ng times mL super(-1), 196.4 ng times mL super(-1) and 25.4 ng times mL super(-1) in the whole culture, cell-free medium and cell fraction, respectively, for 20 days at 20 degree C under light intensity of 100 mu mol times m super(-2) times s super(-1) with 16:8 LD cycle, while values for P. pungens were negative. Both P. multiseries and P. pungens showed a higher growth rate at higher temperature with the highest growth rate at 20 degree C. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries had a wide range of salinity (20-40 psu) for optimal growth, but at 40 psu and 50 psu, the growth rate of P. pungens was lower than that of P. multiseries. In particular, 10 psu did not allow any growth of P. multiseries. For nitrate, ammonium and urea-grown cultures, nutrient concentration contributed to a variation of growth, in which the best growth was obtained at 100 mu M. However, P. multiseries grew well even in a medium without urea, while the growth rate of P. pungens was significantly different (p < 0.05). The influence on growth rate was less in cultures grown with phosphorus than with nitrogen sources. However, under a wide range of pH and depleted conditions of trace metals and vitamins, P. multiseries and P. pungens had similar growth rates. The alignment of nucleotide sequences for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions showed that there were considerable conserved sites of 290 bp, 68 variable sites (19\%) in P. multiseries and 119 (29\%) in P. pungens. In the predicted secondary structures, P. multiseries and P. pungens had a similar free energy, conformation and structural stabilization, but stem structures were different.},
	keywords = {Biological poisons, dangerous organisms, DNA, Electron microscopy, Environmental effects, Environmental Regime:, growth, growth rate, health, INW, Jinhae Bay, K 03001 Algae, Korea, Marine, medicines, morphology, Nucleotide sequence, Nutrients (mineral), phytoplankton, Plant morphology, Pseudo-nitzschia, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, pungens, Q1 01223 Taxonomy and morphology, Q5 01524 Public, Rep., Spacer region, toxins},
	author = {E. S. Cho and Kotaki, Y. and J. G. Park}
}
