@article {187,
	title = {Studies on the marine planktonic diatom . 1. Isozyme variation among isolates of P. pseudodelicatissima during a bloom in Danish coastal waters},
	journal = {Phycologia},
	volume = {36},
	number = {5},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISSN: 0031-8884Language: EnglishSummary Language: English},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {374-380},
	abstract = {Isozyme analysis of isolates of Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima revealed nine putative loci. Six of the nine loci were polymorphic, showing variation among isolates of this species from the same locality. Several clones of P. pseudodelicatissima were found in Danish waters, and an extensive bloom of the species in 1992 in Danish and Swedish coastal waters was apparently polyclonal. None of the isolates was found to produce domoic acid.},
	keywords = {Algal blooms, Bacillariophyceae, bacteria, Biological poisons, Coastal waters, Denmark, diatoms, Electrophoresis, Enzymes, Fungi and Plants, Isoenzymes, K 03078 Algae, O 1010 Viruses, phytoplankton, Protists, pseudodelicatissima, Pseudonitzschia, Q1 01225 Genetics and evolution, Q1 01443 Population genetics, Sweden},
	author = {Skov, J. and Lundholm, N. and R. Pocklington and Rosendahl, S. and Moestrup, {\O}.}
}
@article {252,
	title = {Sexual reproduction in the pennate diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and P. pseudodelicatissima (Bacillariophyceae)},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ISSN: 0022-3646Language: EnglishSummary Language: English},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {126-137},
	abstract = {Clones of the domoic-acid-producing pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle and of the potentially toxic P. pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle normally decrease in cell size in culture until they eventually die without undergoing sexual reproduction to regain the largest cell size. However, we induced sexual reproduction by mixing individual exponentially growing clonal cultures of the appropriate minimal cell size under the same conditions that are normal for vegetative growth. We observed pairing of parent cells (gametangiogamy); production of four morphologically isogamous, nonflagellated gametes per gametangial pair; rearrangement of the gametes and their fusion to form zygotes, revealing physiological anisogamy; enlargement of auxospores; and formation of long initial cells. Our observations of allogamous reproduction are consistent with those reported for other dioecious pennate diatoms. Clones of P. pseudodelicatissima from the Black Sea and from the CCMP culture collection failed to auxosporulate when mixed together, although they are the same species according to scanning electron microscopy. The range in apical length of P. multiseries was broader than that reported in the literature for field samples, necessitating a modification of the species description. Knowledge of the pattern and timing of sexual reproduction in Pseudo-nitzschia spp. may provide insights into their bloom dynamics.},
	keywords = {bacteria, cycle, Fungi and Plants, Gametes, K 03005 Algae, O 1010 Viruses, phytoplankton, Plant morphology, Protists, Pseudo-nitzschia, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, pseudodelicatissima, Pseudonitzschia, Pseudonitzschia multiseries, Q1 01224 Reproduction and development, Reproductive, sexual reproduction},
	author = {Davidovich, N. A. and Bates, S. S.}
}
@article {210,
	title = {Domoic-acid-producing diatoms: another genus added!},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {36},
	number = {6},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Times Cited: 10ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 44389he},
	month = {DEC},
	pages = {978-983},
	keywords = {Bacillariophyceae, bay, canada, confirmation, culture, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, pseudodelicatissima, pungens, shellfish},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000166231900001},
	author = {Bates, S. S.}
}
@book {444,
	title = {Harmful algae in Russian European Coastal waters},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Conference: 9. International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms, Hobart (Australia), 7-11 Feb 2000Physical medium: Printed matterLanguage: EnglishSummary Language: EnglishBook Monograph; ConferenceASFA Input Center Number: KETF2001},
	publisher = {Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. pp. 112-115. 2001.},
	organization = {Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. pp. 112-115. 2001.},
	abstract = {Nineteen species of Dinophysis are known from the N-E Black sea. At the Caucasian Black Sea coastu the only region of mussel farming in Russia u D. rotundata and D. caudata occur at concentrations up to 600 cells l super(-1), and cases of DSP poisonings were observed there during the past 4 years, and DTX2 was found in farmed mussel in 1999. Massive noxious macroalgal bloom of several Cladophora species develop in summer at Anapa (biggest children resort in Russia). Pseudonitzschia pseudodelicatissima and P. seriata form winter-spring blooms in Black Sea, and concentrations reach over 10 super(6) cells 1 super(-1). In the N. Caspian Sea influenced by Volga discharge cyanobacterial blooms are a frequent phenomenon. In the Baltic toxic cyanobacterial blooms are recurrent in the Gulf of Finland and Kursha Gulf. Dinophysis species also occur there but local molluscs are not used as food. In Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea, where mussel banks are abundant, and at the Kola 1000cells l super(-1) in July-August. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata is one of the dominant species of spring bloom at Kola coast. In Pechora estuary bays (Eastern Barents coast) Aphanizomenon/Anabaena late summer blooms cause fish mortality every year.},
	keywords = {algae, Algal blooms, ANE, Biological poisons, Check lists, Effects on organisms, Environmental Regime:, Marine, Mortality causes, new species, phytoplankton, Poisonous organisms, primary production, pseudodelicatissima, Pseudonitzschia, Q1 01484 Species interactions: parasites and diseases, Q5 01504, Red tides, Russia, Toxicity},
	author = {Vershinin, A. and Kamnev, A.}
}
@article {395,
	title = {Thin layers and camouflage: hidden Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (Bacillariophyceae) populations in a fjord in the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {225},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 9ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 51522cp},
	pages = {123-137},
	abstract = {Two sets of observations were made on the distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia taxa in a fjord in the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA, From May 21 to 31, 1996, we observed the spatio-temporal distribution of a dense bloom of P. fraudulenta. Microscopic observations of live material were compared to physical-optical water-column structure, currents and wind. At the start of the study, dense concentrations of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were observed directly at the surface. Optical profiles indicated that most cells were concentrated in a thin layer at similar to5 m depth, which appeared to be contiguous throughout the sound. Several days later, sustained winds forced a plume of lighter water over the surface of the sound, displacing the original water mass, with its entrained flora, to depth. The resulting near-bottom thin layer persisted for several days, and contained >10(6) Pseudonitzschia spp. cells l(-1). Microscopic examination of live cells from the deep layer revealed that colonies were alive and motile. In 1996 and again in 1998, we observed P. pseudodelicatissima living within colonies of Chaetoceros socialis. Water-column thin layers, near-bottom thin layers and populations of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. within C. socialis colonies could easily escape detection by routine monitoring procedures, and may be a potential source of unexplained toxicity events.},
	keywords = {bloom, british-columbia, chaetoceros socialis, Coastal waters, diatom, domoic acid, microplankton, multiseries, physical forcing, phytoplankton, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, pungens, thin layers},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000173878400010},
	author = {Rines, J. E. B. and Donaghay, P. L. and Dekshenieks, M. M. and Sullivan, J. M. and Twardowski, M. S.}
}
@article {193,
	title = {Phytoplankton of the Atlantic coasts of Morocco II. The genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae)},
	journal = {Cryptogamie Algologie},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleFrenchCited References Count: 37586ut},
	month = {APR-JUN},
	pages = {187-202},
	abstract = {Phytoplankton of the Atlantic coasts of Morocco II. The genus Pseudonitzschia (Bacillariophyceae). A survey of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia was carried out over a two year period (1998-1999) at three localities along the North Atlantic Moroccan coastline (Moulay Bousselham, Mehdia and Temara). Light microscopy observations showed that these potentially toxic diatoms (causative organisms of the ASP syndrome) bloomed on several occasions, independently of temperature or salinity variations. Using scanning electron microscopy seven species were identifed. The dominant bloom-forming species were: P. fraudulenta, P. pungens var. cingulata, P. subpacifica and P. pseudodelicatissima; other representatives of this genus in Moroccan waters were P. multiseries, P. multistriata and P. delicatissima. Of major concern for the environment are the toxic species R multiseries, which was only present in low numbers in Moulay Bousselham, and P pseudodelicatissima which was abundant in Moulay Bousselham and Temara although no ASP episodes were reported during the survey period. P. multistriata, recently recognized as another domoic acid producing species, and previously observed only from the Pacific and the Mediterranean Sea, is reported for the first time in Atlantic coastal waters.},
	keywords = {bacillariales, Bacillariophyceae, blooms, diatoms, domoic acid production, eastern canada, morocco, mortality, new-zealand, Nitzschia, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, toxic algae, waters},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000177604600006},
	author = {Akallal, R. and Billard, C. and Fresnel, J. and Givernaud, T. and Mouradi, A.}
}
@article {185,
	title = {Taxonomic notes on the marine diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia in the Andaman Sea near the island of Phuket, Thailand, with a description of Pseudo-nitzschia micropora sp. nov.},
	journal = {Diatom Research},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 3ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 37557ju},
	month = {MAY},
	pages = {153-175},
	abstract = {Plankton samples were collected in July-August 1998 in the Andaman Sea near the island of Phuket, Thailand, and 31 clones of Pseudo-nitzschia were established in monoclonal culture and examined by light and electron microscopy. The species found included P. cf. cuspidata, P. delicatissima, P. cf. heimii, P. inflatula, P. pseudodelicatissima and P. sinica. In addition, two clones proved to belong to an undescribed species of Pseudo-nitzschia. The new species, P. micropora sp. nov., is characterized by cells less than 2 pin wide, absence of a central nodule, and striae with two rows of small poroids, each located close to an interstria.},
	keywords = {Bacillariophyceae, confirmation, culture, domoic acid production, multiseries, prince-edward-island, pseudodelicatissima, pseudonitzschia-australis, silicate limitation, waters},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000175906100003},
	author = {Priisholm, K. and Moestrup, {\O}. and Lundholm, N.}
}
@article {415,
	title = {Morphological, toxicological, and genetic differences among Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species in inland embayments and outer coastal waters of Washington State, USA},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 1ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 56525ej},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {55-65},
	abstract = {Plankton samples from three inland embayments and several outer coastal sites of Washington State were collected from 1997 through 1999 and were examined for the presence of diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia and levels of the toxin, domoic acid (DA). Seven species were observed, including Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle, P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle, P. australis Frenguelli, P. fraudulenta (Cleve) Hasle, P. cf. heimii Manguim, P. pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle, and P. delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden. The coastal Pseudo-nitzschia species assemblages differed significantly from those observed within embayments. The dominant species observed at coastal sites were P. pseudodelicatissima and P. cf. heimii. Pseudo-nitzschia assemblages found in embayments included one or more of the following species: P. pungens, P. multiseries, P. australis, P. pseudodelicatissima, and P. fraudulenta. The nuclear large subunit rRNA gene was sequenced for six of the seven species identified. This sequence revealed that P. multiseries, P. pungens, P. australis, and P. heimii were genetically similar to those found in California, whereas P. delicatissima and P. pseudodelicatissinia were distinct from the California isolates. Although the concentrations of DA in razor clams along Washington State coasts have exceeded regulatory limits several times since 1991, levels of DA in shellfish from Washington State embayments have not yet exceeded regulatory limits. The widespread presence of toxin-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species suggests, however, that toxic blooms are likely to occur within embayments in the future. In conjunction with the monitoring of environmental conditions conducive to toxic bloom formation, the development of species-specific probes for rapid and accurate detection of potentially toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species in this region would enable the forecasting of a toxic event before DA accumulates in shellfish, thereby reducing the impacts to coastal communities.},
	keywords = {amino-acid, australis, california, delicatissima, diatom pseudonitzschia-australis, domoic acid, domoic acid production, fraudulenta, heimii, LSU rDNA sequence, multiseries, prince-edward-island, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, pungens, razor clams, receptor, sea lions, shellfish, siliqua-patula dixon, washington},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000174055500005},
	author = {Stehr, C. M. and Connell, L. and K. A. Baugh and Bill, B. D. and N. G. Adams and V. L. Trainer}
}
@article {276,
	title = {Domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Bacillariophyceae) in Scottish waters},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Times Cited: 2ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 49844pk},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {622-630},
	abstract = {In 1999, a 49,000 km(2) area in western Scottish waters was closed to shellfish harvesting due to the amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxin domoic acid (DA). The only previously confirmed DA producer identified had been Pseudo-nitzschia australis Frenguelli. The toxin has appeared every year since and has led to more harvesting closures. We isolated and cultured two strains of Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. seriata (P. T. Cleve) H. Peragallo from western Scottish waters in 2001 and 2002. They were identified using TEM analysis of their morphological fine structure and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1, 5.8S, ITS2, and partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA. The morphology of the Scottish P seriata f. seriata strains differed slightly, for example, in the number of poroid rows, from descriptions in identification keys. Comparison of P seriata sequences with those of two co-occurring Pseudo-nitzschia australis isolates showed an overall divergence of only 0.012. Sequence divergence between both species was highest in the ITS1 region (0.036). Combined morphological and genetic approaches are needed to identify closely related Pseudo-nitzschia species. The R seriata strains grew successfully at 15degrees C, suggesting that although seen as a psychrophilic species, it may also occur at higher water temperatures. All isolates produced DA in stationary phase (measured on day 25): 0.16-0.23 pg DA(.)cell(-1) in R seriata and 0.15-1.68pg DA (.) cell(-1) in P australis. Our study is the first to identify P seriata f. seriata as a DA producer in Scottish waters and indicates that at least it and R australis can be responsible for ASP toxicity in that region.},
	keywords = {alexandrium dinophyceae, amnesic shellfish poisoning, confirmation, diatoms, domoic acid, ITS rDNA sequence, LSU rDNA sequence, morphology, multiseries, pecten-maximus, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, pseudodelicatissima, pseudonitzschia-australis, pungens, ribosomal-rna, shellfish, west-coast},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000223171900001},
	author = {J. Fehling and Green, D. H. and K. Davidson and Bolch, C. J. and Bates, S. S.}
}
@article {245,
	title = {Domoic acid accumulation in the sardine Sardina pilchardus and its relationship to Pseudo-nitzschia diatom ingestion},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {284},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Times Cited: 1ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 54890nl},
	pages = {261-268},
	abstract = {Planktivorous fish are key potential vectors for the phycotoxin domoic acid (DA). produced naturally by diatoms from the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. The diet of the Atlantic sardine Sardina pilchardus is largely dominated in number by microplanktonic species such as chain-forming diatoms, making the accumulation of this toxin and its transfer to the higher trophic levels likely. DA concentration in sardine tissues and Pseudo-nitzschia ingestion were monitored fortnightly during 2002 and 2003 off the NW coast of Portugal, where seasonal upwelling events are responsible for the occurrence of algal blooms. Sardine stomach content analysis showed that Pseudo-nitzschia prey reached concentrations as high as 7.8 x 10(6) cells g(-1); in some cases this diatom genus represented more than 99 \% of the phytoplanktonic prey identified in the stomachs. Four different diatom species were distinguished using scanning electron microscopy (SEM): P. australis, P. pungens, P. pseudodelicatissima and P. delicatissima. DA accumulation in sardines was linearly dependent on P. australis consumption. Toxin content per individual cell was estimated by comparing DA and P. australis concentrations in the stomach contents. DA production by P. australis was significantly higher in the summer months than during the spring. In both years, DA in sardine guts was initially detected in May and peaked several times until late summer. Toxin distribution in the different tissues was also determined, with the highest DA levels detected in the intestine. The maximum toxin concentration observed in sardine guts was 128.5 mug DA g(-1). No DA was found in the Sardine muscle; consequently implications for human health appear minimal.},
	keywords = {Bacillariophyceae, california, domoic acid, engraulis-mordax, feeding-behavior, northern anchovies, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, pseudodelicatissima, pseudonitzschia-australis, sardina pilchardus, sea lions, shellfish, stomach contents, toxin},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000226518000021},
	author = {Costa, P. R. and S. Garrido}
}
@article {470,
	title = {Diversity of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo in the Quoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy, Canada},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	note = {889LZTimes Cited:16Cited References Count:53},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {Representative species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia are well established in the Bay of Fundy and are frequent contributors to the phytoplankton community of the Quoddy Region. This manuscript documents for the first time the specific diversity of this genus in the Quoddy Region. At least seven species of Pseudo-nitzschia are present in our samples, five of which represent new records for the region. These new records include: Pseudo-nitzschia americana, Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and Pscudo-nitzschia subpacifica. The rarest and least known species is P. americana, while the most morphologically diverse one is Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima (and P. pseudodelicatissima-like morphologies) known from the area since the 1930s, and includes both toxic and non-toxic varieties. Therefore, morphometrics, taxonomic discussion and distribution patterns are more completely documented for these two species. P subpacifica is the most recent addition to the local diversity of the genus. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, earlier reported from the Bay of Fundy, was not observed in our samples. The presence of Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima is confirmed, although a comparison with the narrow needle-shaped taxa reported earlier in the previous century is not possible. Five of the seven Pseudo-nitzschia species are now known to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid in various regions throughout the world, with P pseudodelicatissima producing domoic acid in the Bay of Fundy [Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 67 (1990) 177]. Although analysis of morphology continues to be the most reliable method for species identification, surprisingly little is known about the specific range of natural morphological variability outside Europe. Here, we present morphological data for species detection in the Bay of Fundy and emphasize the differences between the Bay of Fundy populations and those from elsewhere. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {domoic acid, morphology, multiseries, p. americana, p. fraudulenta, p. multiseries, p. pseudodelicatissima, P. pungens, p. subpacifica, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, Pseudonitzschia, pungens, toxin, waters, west-coast},
	isbn = {1568-9883},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000226445800001},
	author = {Kaczmarska, I. and LeGresley, M. M. and J. L. Martin and Ehrman, J.}
}
@article {188,
	title = {Effect of salinity on Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) growth and distribution},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 1ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 21894kt},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {21-29},
	abstract = {Salinity varies widely in coastal areas that often have a high abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo. Pseudo-nitzschia is abundant in Louisiana waters, and high cellular domoic acid has been observed in natural samples but no human illness has been reported. To assess the threat of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), we examined the effect of salinity on Pseudo-nitzschia occurrence in the field and growth in the laboratory with special emphasis on the salinity range where oysters are harvested (10-20 psu). In Louisiana coastal waters, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. occurred over a salinity range of 1 to >35 psu, but they occurred more frequently at higher rather than lower salinities. Seven species were identified, including toxigenic species occurring at low salinities. In culture studies, seven clones of three species grew over a salinity range of 15 to 40 psu, some grew at salinities down to 6.25 psu, and most grew at salinities up to 45 psu. Tolerance of low salinities decreased from Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden to P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle to P. pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle emend. Lundholm, Hasle et Moestrup. In conclusion, although Pseudo-nitzschia was more prevalent in the field and grew better in the laboratory at higher salinities, it grew and has been observed at low salinities. Therefore, the probability of ASP from consumption of oysters harvested from the low salinity estuaries of the northern Gulf of Mexico is low but not zero; animal mortality events from toxin vectors other than oysters at higher salinity on the shelf are more likely.},
	keywords = {asp, complex bacillariophyceae, dap, diatom, domoic acid, estuary, growth rate, hab, harmful algae, marine-phytoplankton, northern gulf of mexico, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, salinity, waters},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000226791300004},
	author = {Thessen, A. E. and Dortch, Q. and M. L. Parsons and W. Morrison}
}
@article {304,
	title = {Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs in Ireland},
	journal = {Toxicon},
	volume = {46},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 38998ka},
	month = {DEC 15},
	pages = {852-858},
	abstract = {In December 1999, domoic acid (DA) a potent neurotoxin, responsible for the syndrome Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) was detected for the first time in shellfish harvested in Ireland. Two liquid chromatography (LC) methods were applied to quantify DA in shellfish after sample clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges. Toxin detection was achieved using photodiode array ultraviolet (LC-UV) and multiple tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSn). DA was identified in four species of bivalve shellfish collected along the west and south coastal regions of the Republic of Ireland. The amount of DA that was present in three species was within EU guideline limits for sale of shellfish (20 mu g DA/g); mussels (Mytilus edulis), < 1.0 mu g DA/g; oysters (Crassostrea edulis), <5.0 mu g DA/g and razor clams (Ensis siliqua), <0.3 mu g DA/g. However, king scallops (Pecten maximus) posed a significant human health hazard with levels up to 240 mu g DA/g total tissues. Most scallop samples (55\%) contained DA at levels greater than the regulatory limit. The DA levels in the digestive glands of some samples of scallops were among the highest that have ever been recorded (2820 mu g DA/g). (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {asp, australis, confirmation, domoic acid, food safety, lc-ms, marine neurotoxin, neurotoxin domoic acid, outbreak, performance liquid-chromatography, phytoplankton, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, shellfish toxin, tandem mass-spectrometry},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000234316200003},
	author = {James, K. J. and Gillman, M. and Amandi, M. F. and Lopez-Rivera, A. and Puente, P. F. and Lehane, M. and Mitrovic, S. and Furey, A.}
}
@article {272,
	title = {High levels of genetic diversity and low levels of genetic differentiation in North Sea Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Bacillariophyceae) populations},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {41},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 3ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 39930ov},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {506-514},
	abstract = {Six microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure of North Sea Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Grunow ex P. T. Cleve) Hasle populations. Isolates were collected on 42 separate occasions from waters surrounding the German islands of Helgoland and Sylt over the course of three sampling periods: spring 2002, spring 2003, and autumn 2003. In total, 464 isolates were genotyped, of which 453 were different (i.e. clonal diversity was 98\%). The numbers of alleles per locus ranged from 6 to 24 and the observed heterozygosities from 0.59 to 0.87 (mean H-o and H-e were 0.73); there were no significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at any of the six loci. Sexual reproduction therefore appears to be important in the production of genetic variation. Over the temporal and spatial scales sampled (18 months and 100 km), weak genetic differentiation was detected both within and between sampling periods (significant F-ST values ranged from 0.0018 to 0.0389), suggesting that the German North Sea supports a single largely unstructured population of P. pungens.},
	keywords = {baltic-sea, bank, bay, diatom, diatom ditylum-brightwellii, domoic-acid, filaments, genetic differentiation, genetic diversity, genetic structure, genetic variation, microsatellite markers, microsatellites, multiseries bacillariophyceae, nodularia cyanobacteria, population genetics, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, pseudodelicatissima},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000229426700007},
	author = {Evans, K. M. and Kuhn, S. F. and Hayes, P. K.}
}
@article {172,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. obtusa (Bacillariophyceae) raised in rank based on morphological, phylogenetic and distributional data},
	journal = {Phycologia},
	volume = {44},
	number = {6},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 57981xd},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {608-619},
	abstract = {Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. obtusa (Haste) Haste is raised in rank to P. obtusa (Hasle) Hasle \& Lundholm, based on morphological, phylogenetic and distributional features. The most prominent distinctive morphological feature is the shape of the valve ends, which in girdle view are truncate in P. obtusa and pointed in P. seriata. Other differences are the transapical width, the number of striated bands and the fine structure of bands and valve striae. Phylogenetically, P. obtusa is found in a clade comprising species lacking a larger central interspace and a central nodule but possessing simple hymenate poroids. Within that clade, P. obtusa is most closely related to P. seriata and P. australis, which make up the sister group to P. obtusa. Pseudo-nitzschia obtusa is recorded from the Arctic regions of the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, whereas P. seriata is recorded from the Arctic and Temperate regions but only from the Atlantic Ocean. The relationship between P. obtusa and other morphologically and phylogenetically similar species of the genus is discussed. In growth studies under replete nutrient conditions, P. obtusa had a growth rate of 0.55-0.66 day(-1) and an upper pH limit for growth of 9.1. No P. obtusa clones have yet been shown to produce the toxin, domoic acid.},
	keywords = {australis, complex bacillariophyceae, diatom, domoic acid production, growth, multiseries bacillariophyceae, pseudodelicatissima, pungens, sp-nov, waters},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000233120400003},
	author = {Hasle, G. R. and Lundholm, N.}
}
@article {196,
	title = {Reproductive isolation among sympatric cryptic species in marine diatoms},
	journal = {Protist},
	volume = {158},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 58162qx},
	month = {APR},
	pages = {193-207},
	abstract = {Pseudo-nitzschia is a marine cosmopolitan genus of chain-forming planktonic diatoms. As for the vast majority of phytoplankton organisms, species identification within this genus mostly relies upon morphological features. Taxa were initially identified based on cell shape and gross morphology of their composite silica cell wall, called the frustule. Yet, observations of the frustule in electron microscopy showed many additional characters for species identification and results of molecular studies have demonstrated that genetically distinct groups might exist within morpho-species. However, these studies have not addressed the biological meaning of these genetic differences. Here, we bridge that gap by comparing ultrastructural features and sequence data (three ribosomal and one plastid marker) of 95 strains with results of mating experiments among these strains. Experiments were performed on two morphologically distinct entities: P. delicatissima and P pseudodelicatissima. Each of the two entities consisted of multiple genetically distinct and reproductively isolated taxa, all occurring in sympatry: P delicatissima was composed of three phylogenetic and reproductively distinct groups, whereas P. pseudodelicatissima consisted of up to five. Once these taxa had been defined both genetically and biologically, subtle ultrastructural differences could be detected as well. Our findings not only show that cryptic genetic variants abound in sympatry, but also that they are reproductively isolated and, therefore, biologically distinct units. (C) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {complex bacillariophyceae, cryptic diversity, diatoms, diversity, nitzschia-delicatissima bacillariophyceae, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, reproductive isolation, ribosomal-rna, secondary structure, sequence alignment, sexual reproduction, speciation, species concept},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000246105100007},
	author = {Amato, A. and Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Ghiron, J. H. L. and Mann, D. G. and Proschold, T. and Montresor, M.}
}
@article {382,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia blooms in the Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer, northwestern Mediterranean Sea},
	journal = {Diatom Research},
	volume = {21},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 71038qh},
	month = {MAY},
	pages = {91-104},
	abstract = {The occurrence and abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia species in the Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer, northwestern Mediterranean Sea, were studied from 2002 to 2003 and during spring 2004. Pseudo-nitzschia is a frequent component of the microplankton in this area (more than 58\% of the samples) with its highest abundance (10(4)-10(6) cells L-1) during springtime (from April to May). Shorter blooms (for only one week in August) were detected in summers of 2002 and 2003. These periods are associated with warmer temperatures and relatively nutrient-rich waters. SEM and TEM observations showed the causative organism responsible for the blooms to be the potentially toxic diatom P calliantha. A listing of the 29 described Pseudo-nitzchia species is provided as well as the list of 11 potentially toxic species.},
	keywords = {complex bacillariophyceae, diatom, domoic acid production, morphology, multiseries hasle, phytoplankton, pseudodelicatissima, pseudonitzschia-australis, shellfish, sp-nov},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000237237300005},
	author = {Quiroga, I.}
}
@article {468,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia species population dynamics in the Quoddy Region, Bay of Fundy},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	note = {238TNTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:57},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {861-874},
	abstract = {The population dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia species from the Quoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy was examined in a field-based study. Five stations were sampled over a period of 11 weeks during the course of one discrete bloom episode in 2003 with seven species of Pseudo-nitzschia found and enumerated: P. americana, R delicatissima, R pseudodelicatissima, R fraudulenta, P. pungens, R seriata and P subpacifica. We related species abundance to physical and chemical properties of seawater (transparency, fluorescence, silicate, phosphate, nitrite + nitrate, ammonia, nitrite, oxygen, sigma-t, tidal level, tidal state and total depth of water column) using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to identify factors explaining the greatest amount of variance in their temporal and spatial distribution patterns. Our results indicate that abundance of species and groups of species correlated well with certain specific chemical and physical properties of seawater. R pseudodelicatissima and P. delicatissima abundance was positively correlated with nitrates and P americana with depth of the water column. R pungens was more abundant in samples with higher concentrations of phosphates and lower concentrations of nitrates. P. seriata abundance was negatively associated with total fluorescence. P. subpacifica and R fraudulenta abundances were not statistically related to any of the variables examined. Our data therefore provides direction for testable, hypothesis driven experiments that could provide predictive insights into the occurrence of certain harmful algal bloom (HAB) species should specific environmental variables be further affected along the gradients extracted in this study. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {amnesic shellfish poisoning, Bacillariophyceae, bloom, california, canada, coast, diatom pseudonitzschia-australis, domoic acid, population dynamics, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, sea, waters},
	isbn = {1568-9883},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000251470600010},
	author = {Kaczmarska, I. and J. L. Martin and Ehrman, J. M. and LeGresley, M. M.}
}
@article {537,
	title = {Toxicity, morphology and distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha, P. multistriata and P. multiseries (Bacillariophyta) from the northwestern Sea of Japan},
	journal = {Botanica Marina},
	volume = {51},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {345NDTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:44},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {297-306},
	abstract = {Toxicity, morphology and distribution patterns of three bloom-forming species of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (potential producers of the neurotoxin domoic acid and causative organisms of amnesic shellfish poisoning) from Peter the Great Bay in the northwestern Sea of Japan are presented. Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha, P. multistriata and P. multiseries bloomed in Peter the Great Bay in the fall, with abundances exceeding 10(6) cells l(-1). This is the first report of toxicity in P. multiseries from Russian waters. Domoic acid was found in stationary-phase (days 20-35) cultures of P. multiseries isolated from Peter the Great Bay at concentrations varying between 180 and 5390 ng ml(-1) or 2 to 21 pg cell(-1), which is in the range reported for other isolates of P. multiseries. The Russian isolate had an increasing ability to produce domoic acid over time in culture rather than the usual trend of decreasing toxicity. No domoic acid was detected (<2 ng ml(-1)) in cultures of P. calliantha and P. multistriata from the same locality. The Russian isolate of P. multiseries produced gametes when mated with the Canadian strains of the opposite mating type, but they never developed into zygotes, auxospores or large initial cells. This suggests that there might be "cryptic{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} species within P. multiseries. However, a comparison of molecular and morphometric data between the Russian and Canadian strains showed that they indeed belong to the same species.},
	keywords = {alexandrium dinophyceae, complex bacillariophyceae, culture, diatoms, domoic acid, gametogenesis, internal transcribed spacer rdna, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, ribosomal-rna, seawater, sexual reproduction, waters},
	isbn = {0006-8055},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000259002600007},
	author = {Orlova, T. Y. and Stonik, I. V. and N. A. Aizdaicher and Bates, S. S. and Leger, C. and J. Fehling}
}
@article {492,
	title = {Domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle (bacillariophyta) isolated from the Black Sea},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {7},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {311CSTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:39},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {438-442},
	abstract = {A species of Pseudo-nitzschia isolated from Sevastopol Bay, Black Sea, was examined for its toxicity. The species was identified as P. calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle based on SEM and TEM examination. Domoic acid (DA) was detected in batch culture throughout the growth cycle of P. calliantha. The production of DA by this diatom species was confirmed by fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) derivatization and HPLC-fluorescence method. The cellular DA level was higher in the early exponential phase, with the maximum value of 0.95 pg DA cell(-1). In the stationary phase, the cellular DA levels declined. This is the first record of a DA producing diatom isolated from the Black Sea. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {black sea, confirmation, diatom, domoic acid, harmful algae, king scallop, mortality, multiseries, pecten-maximus, phosphate, phytoplankton, pseudo-nitzschia calliantha, pseudodelicatissima, shellfish, silicate limitation},
	isbn = {1568-9883},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000256578400006},
	author = {Besiktepe, S. and Ryabushko, L. and Ediger, D. and Yimaz, D. and Zenginer, A. and Ryabushko, V. and Lee, R.}
}
@article {552,
	title = {Distribution, abundance and domoic acid analysis of the toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia from the Chesapeake Bay},
	journal = {Estuaries and Coasts},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {333LETimes Cited:0Cited References Count:32},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {664-672},
	abstract = {Very little research has been conducted on mid-Atlantic estuarine populations of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia despite recent evidence of toxicity in regional isolates. We collected field samples from the Chesapeake Bay region from 2002 to 2007 for Pseudo-nitzschia enumeration and toxin analysis. Abundances of Pseudo-nitzschia were highest in the winter and spring at 10(3) cells ml(-1). Domoic acid (DA) was detectable in 42\% of samples tested, but concentrations were generally low, ranging from 0 to 1,037 pg DA ml(-1) (mean 176 pg DA ml(-1)), and DA cell quota ranged from < 0.1 to 49.4 pg DA per cell (mean 1.4 pg DA per cell). Although Pseudo-nitzschia populations were observed year round when salinity was >= 5, populations were highest from February to May when temperatures were low (2-15 degrees C) and salinity relatively high (>= 10). Six species of Pseudo-nitzschia were identified via transmission electron microscopy of the samples: P. pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle, P. calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle, P. subpacifica (Hasle) Hasle, P. cuspidata (Hasle) Hasle emend. Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle, P. fraudulenta (Cleve) Hasle and P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle. P. calliantha was the most common and not previously reported from the Chesapeake Bay. Of these species, P. pungens, P. calliantha, P. cuspidata, P. fraudulenta and P. multiseries are known to produce domoic acid.},
	keywords = {amnesic shellfish poisoning, Bacillariophyceae, california, canada, chesapeake bay, diatom, domoic acid, estuary, flow, harmful algae, phytoplankton, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima},
	isbn = {1559-2723},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000258153200004},
	author = {Thessen, A. E. and Stoecker, D. K.}
}
@article {643,
	title = {Domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia australis and Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha isolated from North Chile},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {8},
	number = {6},
	year = {2009},
	note = {502XSTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:55},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {938-945},
	abstract = {The morphology and toxicity of the four ubiquitous species belonging to the genus Pseudo-nitzschia found in mixed blooms of phytoplankton from northern Chilean waters were studied. The phytoplankton samples and cultures obtained were identified by scanning electron microscopy, revealing the presence of Pseudo-nitzschia australis, P. calliantha, A pseudodelicatissima and A subfraudulenta. This is the first report of A calliantha in northern Chile. Toxin analyses using the LC-MS method confirmed the presence of domoic acid in P. australis and P. calliantha. Domoic acid was not detected in cultures of P. subfraudulenta. This study therefore confirms P. australis and A calliantha as an unequivocal source of domoic acid in Chilean waters. P. australis is probably the most important producer of amnesic shellfish toxin in view of its domoic acid content. However, more research is needed to evaluate the potential for toxin production in P. pseudodelicatissima. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {amnesic shellfish poisoning, chile, chinhae bay, Coastal waters, complex bacillariophyceae, domoic acid, identification, morphology, multiseries bacillariophyceae, prince-edward-island, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, pseudo-nitzschia calliantha, pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima, pseudo-nitzschia subfradulenta, pseudodelicatissima, species bacillariophyceae, west-coast},
	isbn = {1568-9883},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000270494600014},
	author = {Alvarez, G. and Uribe, E. and Quijano-Scheggia, S. and Lopez-Rivera, A. and Marino, C. and Blanco, J.}
}
