@article {183,
	title = {Domoic acid, the toxic amino acid responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning, now in Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Bacillariophyceae) in Europe},
	journal = {Phycologia},
	volume = {33},
	number = {6},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Times Cited: 41NoteEnglishCited References Count: 27Pw432},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {475-478},
	keywords = {australis, bay, canada, diatoms, mussels, outbreak, prince-edward-island},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PW43200010},
	author = {Lundholm, N. and Skov, J. and R. Pocklington and Moestrup, {\O}.}
}
@article {216,
	title = {Discrimination between domoic acid producing and non toxic forms of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pungens using immunofluorescence},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {100},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1993},
	note = {Times Cited: 37ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 45Mb324},
	month = {OCT},
	pages = {185-195},
	abstract = {Separate polyclonal antibodies were developed against cell surface antigens of the 2 forms of the pennate diatom Pseudonitzschia (previously known as Nitzschia) pungens, i.e. forma multiseries (the domoic-acid-producing form) and forma pungens (the nontoxic form). Positive antigenic reactions were visualized with epifluorescence microscopy, using a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) indirect immunofluorescence assay. The assay successfully distinguished 31 clones of f. multiseries from the 17 clones of f. pungens tested, with no cross reactions of the antisera between the 2 forms. The antisera were active against P. pungens cells isolated from Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, Canada, and Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Texas and Washington, USA. Of the 27 other clones tested from the genera Pseudonitzschia and Nitzschia, 2 other domoic-acid-producing species (P. australis and P. pseudodelicatissima) and 2 nontoxic species (P. subcurvata and P. fraudulenta) showed a slight positive response to the antisera, as did the domoic-acid-producing pennate diatom Amphora coffaeiformis. These reactions are not great enough to cause concern about misidentification, but pose questions about phylogenic relationships. Other representatives from the class Bacillariophyceae and from 8 other major classes of phytoplankton did not cross react with the antisera. Excellent labelling was obtained with live cells and those frozen at -60-degrees-C, or preserved in 2\% glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde, 2\% borate-buffered formalin or 2\% paraformaldehyde. Immunofluorescence shows great promise as a technique to distinguish between the 2 forms of P. pungens for research and monitoring purposes.},
	keywords = {australis, canada, chattonella-antiqua, identification, monoclonal-antibodies, nitzschia-pungens, phytoplankton, prince-edward-island, shellfish, surface},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1993MB32400019},
	author = {Bates, S. S. and Leger, C. and B. A. Keafer and D. M. Anderson}
}
@article {407,
	title = {DNA probes and a receptor-binding assay for detection of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species and domoic acid activity in cultured and natural samples},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {35},
	number = {6},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Times Cited: 17ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 49275pnSuppl. S},
	month = {DEC},
	pages = {1356-1367},
	abstract = {Large-subunit ribosomal RNA-targeted probes for Pseudo-nitzschia australis Frenguelli, P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle, P, pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle, and P, pungens (Grunow) Hasle were applied to cultured and natural samples using whole-cell and sandwich hybridization. Testing of the latter method is emphasized here, and technique refinements that took place during 1996-1997 are documented. Application of the sandwich hybridization test showed that the signal intensity obtained for a given number of target cells remained constant as batch cultures of these organisms progressed from active through stationary growth phases. This suggests that cellular rRNA content for each target species remained relatively stable despite changes in growth state, Application of whole-cell and sandwich hybridization assays to natural samples showed that both methods could be used to detect wild P, australis, P. pseudo-delicatissima, and to a lesser degree P, multiseries, but detection of P. pungens was prone to error. A receptor-binding assay for domoic acid (DA) enabled detection of this toxin activity associated with a particulate fraction of the plankton and provided a context in which to view results of the rRNA probe tests. In one case, the probe for P. australis crossreacted with P, cf, delicatissima, The sample that contained the latter species also contained a low amount of DA activity, Under certain field conditions, results of whole-cell and sandwich hybridization tests disagreed, Detailed analysis of selected field samples illustrates how such situations arose. Collectively, the rRNA probe and toxin analyses suggest that manifestation of DA in the environment is possible in the absence of readily recognizable intact cells.},
	keywords = {australis, diatoms, domoic acid, hybridization, identification, Pseudo-nitzschia, pungens, receptor-binding assay, ribosomal-rna, rrna probe, sandwich hybridization, single cells, targeted fluorescent-probes, whole-cell hybridization},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000084828700002},
	author = {Scholin, C. A. and Marin, R. and Miller, P. E. and Doucette, G. J. and Powell, C. L. and Haydock, P. and Howard, J. and Ray, J.}
}
@article {415,
	title = {Morphological, toxicological, and genetic differences among Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species in inland embayments and outer coastal waters of Washington State, USA},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 1ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 56525ej},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {55-65},
	abstract = {Plankton samples from three inland embayments and several outer coastal sites of Washington State were collected from 1997 through 1999 and were examined for the presence of diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia and levels of the toxin, domoic acid (DA). Seven species were observed, including Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle, P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle, P. australis Frenguelli, P. fraudulenta (Cleve) Hasle, P. cf. heimii Manguim, P. pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle, and P. delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden. The coastal Pseudo-nitzschia species assemblages differed significantly from those observed within embayments. The dominant species observed at coastal sites were P. pseudodelicatissima and P. cf. heimii. Pseudo-nitzschia assemblages found in embayments included one or more of the following species: P. pungens, P. multiseries, P. australis, P. pseudodelicatissima, and P. fraudulenta. The nuclear large subunit rRNA gene was sequenced for six of the seven species identified. This sequence revealed that P. multiseries, P. pungens, P. australis, and P. heimii were genetically similar to those found in California, whereas P. delicatissima and P. pseudodelicatissinia were distinct from the California isolates. Although the concentrations of DA in razor clams along Washington State coasts have exceeded regulatory limits several times since 1991, levels of DA in shellfish from Washington State embayments have not yet exceeded regulatory limits. The widespread presence of toxin-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species suggests, however, that toxic blooms are likely to occur within embayments in the future. In conjunction with the monitoring of environmental conditions conducive to toxic bloom formation, the development of species-specific probes for rapid and accurate detection of potentially toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species in this region would enable the forecasting of a toxic event before DA accumulates in shellfish, thereby reducing the impacts to coastal communities.},
	keywords = {amino-acid, australis, california, delicatissima, diatom pseudonitzschia-australis, domoic acid, domoic acid production, fraudulenta, heimii, LSU rDNA sequence, multiseries, prince-edward-island, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, pungens, razor clams, receptor, sea lions, shellfish, siliqua-patula dixon, washington},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000174055500005},
	author = {Stehr, C. M. and Connell, L. and K. A. Baugh and Bill, B. D. and N. G. Adams and V. L. Trainer}
}
@article {304,
	title = {Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs in Ireland},
	journal = {Toxicon},
	volume = {46},
	number = {8},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 38998ka},
	month = {DEC 15},
	pages = {852-858},
	abstract = {In December 1999, domoic acid (DA) a potent neurotoxin, responsible for the syndrome Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) was detected for the first time in shellfish harvested in Ireland. Two liquid chromatography (LC) methods were applied to quantify DA in shellfish after sample clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges. Toxin detection was achieved using photodiode array ultraviolet (LC-UV) and multiple tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSn). DA was identified in four species of bivalve shellfish collected along the west and south coastal regions of the Republic of Ireland. The amount of DA that was present in three species was within EU guideline limits for sale of shellfish (20 mu g DA/g); mussels (Mytilus edulis), < 1.0 mu g DA/g; oysters (Crassostrea edulis), <5.0 mu g DA/g and razor clams (Ensis siliqua), <0.3 mu g DA/g. However, king scallops (Pecten maximus) posed a significant human health hazard with levels up to 240 mu g DA/g total tissues. Most scallop samples (55\%) contained DA at levels greater than the regulatory limit. The DA levels in the digestive glands of some samples of scallops were among the highest that have ever been recorded (2820 mu g DA/g). (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {asp, australis, confirmation, domoic acid, food safety, lc-ms, marine neurotoxin, neurotoxin domoic acid, outbreak, performance liquid-chromatography, phytoplankton, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, shellfish toxin, tandem mass-spectrometry},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000234316200003},
	author = {James, K. J. and Gillman, M. and Amandi, M. F. and Lopez-Rivera, A. and Puente, P. F. and Lehane, M. and Mitrovic, S. and Furey, A.}
}
@article {172,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. obtusa (Bacillariophyceae) raised in rank based on morphological, phylogenetic and distributional data},
	journal = {Phycologia},
	volume = {44},
	number = {6},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 57981xd},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {608-619},
	abstract = {Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. obtusa (Haste) Haste is raised in rank to P. obtusa (Hasle) Hasle \& Lundholm, based on morphological, phylogenetic and distributional features. The most prominent distinctive morphological feature is the shape of the valve ends, which in girdle view are truncate in P. obtusa and pointed in P. seriata. Other differences are the transapical width, the number of striated bands and the fine structure of bands and valve striae. Phylogenetically, P. obtusa is found in a clade comprising species lacking a larger central interspace and a central nodule but possessing simple hymenate poroids. Within that clade, P. obtusa is most closely related to P. seriata and P. australis, which make up the sister group to P. obtusa. Pseudo-nitzschia obtusa is recorded from the Arctic regions of the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, whereas P. seriata is recorded from the Arctic and Temperate regions but only from the Atlantic Ocean. The relationship between P. obtusa and other morphologically and phylogenetically similar species of the genus is discussed. In growth studies under replete nutrient conditions, P. obtusa had a growth rate of 0.55-0.66 day(-1) and an upper pH limit for growth of 9.1. No P. obtusa clones have yet been shown to produce the toxin, domoic acid.},
	keywords = {australis, complex bacillariophyceae, diatom, domoic acid production, growth, multiseries bacillariophyceae, pseudodelicatissima, pungens, sp-nov, waters},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000233120400003},
	author = {Hasle, G. R. and Lundholm, N.}
}
@article {598,
	title = {Direct contact between Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and bacteria is necessary for the diatom to produce a high level of domoic acid},
	journal = {Fisheries Science},
	volume = {75},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	note = {440MOTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:19},
	month = {May},
	pages = {771-776},
	abstract = {Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries loses most of its ability to produce domoic acid when it is cultured axenically. However, domoic acid production recovers when bacteria from the original culture are reintroduced to axenic cultures, indicating a bacterial association with domoic acid production in this species. In order to determine the role of bacteria in domoic acid production, an axenic strain prepared from a nonaxenic strain of P. multiseries was inoculated into media in cellophane tubes, which were then placed in a bottle containing the original nonaxenic culture. Both strains showed characteristic domoic acid production similar to that previously observed. Domoic acid level in the cells of the axenic strain in the tubes was much smaller than that of the cells outside the tubes. These results show that direct contact between living bacteria and P. multiseries is necessary for producing high levels of domoic acid in P. multiseries.},
	keywords = {amino-acid, australis, Bacillariophyceae, bay, co-culture of axenic and nonaxenic strains, confirmation, culture, domoic acid, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries},
	isbn = {0919-9268},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000265704600027},
	author = {Kobayashi, K. and Takata, Y. and Kodama, M.}
}
@article {603,
	title = {Empirical models of toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms: Potential use as a remote detection tool in the Santa Barbara Channel},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	note = {409LFTimes Cited:2Cited References Count:55},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {478-492},
	abstract = {The Santa Barbara Channel, CA is a highly productive region where wind-driven upwelling and mesoscale eddies are important processes driving phytoplankton blooms. In recent years, the spring bloom has been dominated by the neurotoxin-producing diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. In this paper, we relate a 1.5-year time series of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. abundance and domoic acid concentration to physical, chemical, and biological data to better understand the mechanisms controlling local Pseudo-nitzschia spp. bloom dynamics. The data were used to define the ranges of environmental conditions associated with Pseudo-nitzschia spp. bloom development in the Santa Barbara Channel. The time series captured three large toxic events (max. particulate domoic acid concentration, pDA similar to 6000 ng L-1; max. cellular domoic acid concentrations, cDA similar to 88 pg cell(-1)) in the springs of 2005-2006 and summer 2005 corresponding to bloom-level Pseudo-nitzschia spp. abundance (>5.0 x 10(4) cells L-1). In general, large increases in Pseudo-nitzschia spp. abundance were accompanied by increases in cDA levels, and cDA peaks preceded pDA peaks by at least one month in both the springs of 2005 and 2006. Statistical models incorporating satellite ocean color (MODIS-Aqua and SeaWiFS) and sea surface temperature (AVHRR) data were created to determine the probability that a remotely sensed phytoplankton bloom contains a significant population of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Models correctly estimate 98\% of toxic bloom situations, with a 7-29\% rate of false positive identification. Conditions most associated with high cDA levels are low sea surface temperature, high salinity, increased absorption by cDOM (412 nm), increased reflectance at 510/555 nm, and decreased particulate absorption at 510 nm. Future efforts to merge satellite and regionally downscaled forecasting products with these habitat models will help assess bloom forecasting capabilities in the central CA region and any potential connections to large-scale climate modes. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {australis, california, characteristic patterns, circulation, coast, domoic acid, domoic acid production, environmental-conditions, global ocean, habitat models, north pacific-ocean, phytoplankton, Pseudo-nitzschia, remote-sensing, southern california bight},
	isbn = {1568-9883},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000263506500011},
	author = {Anderson, C. R. and Siegel, D. A. and Kudela, R. M. and Brzezinski, M. A.}
}
