@article {264,
	title = {Abundance and vertical flux of Pseudo-nitzschia in the northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {146},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ISSN: 0171-8630Incl. bibliogr.: 77 refs.Language: EnglishSummary Language: English},
	pages = {249-264},
	abstract = {Many species of the ubiquitous pennate diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia have recently been discovered to produce domoic acid, a potent neurotoxin which causes Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). Pseudo-nitzschia were extremely abundant (up to 10 super(8) cells/l; present in 67\% of 2195 samples) from 1990 to 1994 on the Louisiana and Texas, USA, continental shelves and moderately abundant (up to 10 super(5) cells/l; present in 18\% of 192 samples) over oyster beds in the Terrebonne Bay estuary in Louisiana in 1993 and 1994. On the shelf there was a strong seasonal cycle with maxima every spring for 5 yr and sometimes in the fall, which were probably related to river flow, water column stability, and nutrient availability. In contrast, in the estuary there was no apparent seasonal cycle in abundance, but the time series of data is relatively short and the environment highly variable. At one site on the shelf, where sediment traps were deployed from spring to fall and sampled at frequent intervals in both 1990 and 1991, approximately 50\% of the Pseudo-nitzschia cells present in the water sank into sediment traps. Pseudo-nitzschia were also abundant in surficial sediments. The species of Pseudo-nitzschia present during this study were not routinely identified with the methods employed. However, toxin-producing P. multiseries has been identified previously from Galveston Bay, Texas, and cells from a bloom on the shelf in June 1993 were identified by scanning electron microscopy as P. pseudodelicatissima, which is sometimes toxic. Although there have been no known outbreaks of ASP in this area, historical data suggests that Pseudo-nitzschia abundance may have increased on the shelf since the 1950s. It is hypothesized that the increase is due to doubling of the nutrient loading from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers and increased eutrophication on the shelf.},
	keywords = {Algal blooms, amnesic shellfish poisoning, ASW, Atchafalaya R., Bacillariophyceae, Biological poisons, Biomass, Check lists, Continental shelves, Crassostrea, Distribution records, domoic acid, Ecology /Community Studies, Estuaries, Eutrophication, Galveston Bay, Gulf Coast, Human food, Louisiana, Marine molluscs, Marketing, Mexico Gulf, Mississippi R., neurotoxins, Nutrients (mineral), O 1070, O 5040 Processing, Phosphates, phytoplankton, Plankton surveys, Poisonous organisms, Products and, Pseudonitzschia pseudodelicatissima, Public health, Q1 01461 Plankton, Q1 01627 Food quality and standards, River discharge, seasonal variations, Sediment traps, shellfish, Silicates, Sinking, Terrebonne Bay, Texas, USA, Vertical distribution},
	author = {Dortch, Q. and Robichaux, R. and Pool, S. and Milsted, D. and Mire, G. and Rabalais, N. N. and Soniat, T. M. and G. A. Fryxell and Turner, R. E. and M. L. Parsons}
}
@article {263,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in the northern Gulf of Mexico: overview and response to increasing eutrophication},
	year = {2000},
	note = {The Symposium on Harmful Algae in the U.S., Woods Hole, Massachusetts, December 5-9. 2 pp. 2000.Contact the originating Sea Grant program for ordering information: http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/ordering.htm. Also available on loan from the Sea Grant Library (NSGL): http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu.Language: EnglishReport; ConferenceInput Center, ASFA: NO0102191},
	abstract = {Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Are extremely abundant on the Louisiana shelf in the extended plume of the Mississippi River. At least 6 species have been observed in this region, and there may be more unknown species. Five of the species observed in Louisiana waters have been shown to produce domoic acid (DA) in field samples or laboratory cultures. This brief report summarizes evidence that Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are stimulated by high nutrient inputs, thereby increasing the potential for DA poisoning incidents in areas where eutrophication is increasing.},
	keywords = {Article Subject Terms: Algal blooms, Article Taxonomic Terms: Pseudo-nitzschia, effects, Environmental Regime:, Eutrophication, Marine, Pollution, Q1 01481 Productivity, Q5 01504 Effects on organisms},
	isbn = {LSU-R-00-019},
	author = {Dortch, Q. and M. L. Parsons and Doucette, G. J. and G. A. Fryxell and Maier, A. and Thessen, A. and Powell, C. L. and Soniat, T. M.}
}
@article {261,
	title = {Nutrients and harmful algal blooms: General issues and examples from the northern Gulf of Mexico},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {39},
	number = {S1},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISSN: 0022-3646Language: EnglishSummary Language: English},
	abstract = {Nutrient inputs have increased worldwide in both marine and freshwater ecosystems, stimulating algal growth. The resulting increased eutrophication can be manifested in different ecosystems as hypoxia/anoxia, loss of submerged aquatic vegetation, or Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). HABs can significantly impact human and ecosystem health. It has been hypothesized that HABs are increasing worldwide, in part because of increasing nutrient inputs, but establishing a direct cause and effect link has been difficult for a variety of reasons. Two examples from the Louisiana coastal zone illustrate some of the difficulties and successes: annual Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms on the shelf in the extended plume of the Mississippi River and sporadic, toxic cyanobacterial blooms in low salinity estuaries. The challenge is to determine if a HAB is caused by increased nutrient inputs and which nutrient(s) are the main culprit(s), to identify the source(s) of the increased nutrients, and to develop effective management strategies. The latter is often a social/political problem that must be well-informed by the science.},
	keywords = {1010 Viruses, 4020 Pollution - Organisms/Ecology/Toxicology, Algal blooms, Anoxia, ASW, bacteria, Cyanophyta, Environment management, Estuarine chemistry, Eutrophication, Freshwater ecosystems, Fungi and Plants, harmful algal blooms, Hypoxia, K 03068 Algae, Louisiana, Mexico, Mexico Gulf, Mississippi R., Nutrients, Nutrients (mineral), O, phytoplankton, Political aspects, Pollution control, Pollution effects, Protists, Pseudo-nitzschia, Q1 01221 General, Q1 01461 Plankton, Q5 01504 Effects on organisms, River plumes, Salinity effects, Sociological aspects, USA, Vegetation},
	author = {Dortch, Q.}
}
@article {366,
	title = {Shell-bearing plankton fluxes in the central Black sea, 1989-1991},
	journal = {Deep Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers},
	volume = {52},
	number = {9},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 51960kp},
	month = {SEP},
	pages = {1677-1698},
	abstract = {Seasonal and vertical flux variations of coccolithophorids, discrete coccoliths, silicoflagellates, ebridians, and diatoms were investigated using time-series sediment traps deployed in the central Black Sea for 2 years from September 1989 through August 1990 (Year 1) and from October 1990 through September 1991 (Year 2). The following marine plankton groups were not observed during the enumeration: dinoflagellates, radiolarians, planktonic and benthic foraminifers, and pteropods. High fluxes of coccolithophorids, discrete coccoliths, and silicoflagellates occurred from September to December in Year I and October to December in Year 2. High ebridian fluxes occurred during short periods from October to November in Year I and from February to April in Year 2. High diatom fluxes occurred from September to January in Year I and from October to April in Year 2. The seasonal variations and magnitudes of most plankton assemblages were similar between the Shallow trap (at a depth of 400 m) and the Bottom trap (at a depth of 2090 m) suggesting that the plankton shells settled at a rate of 60 m d(-1) or greater without significant loss or lateral input. The exception was the diatom flux in Year 2, which was offset by approximately 2 months between the Shallow and Bottom traps, suggesting a sinking speed of approximately 38 +/- 18 m d(-1). The slower setting speed is attributed to Pseudo-nitzschia spp., which was the dominant diatom taxon in Year 2. Maximum flux magnitudes of each plankton assemblage were on average two times greater in Year 2 than in Year 1. Emiliania huxleyi, Distephanus pulchrus, and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. dominated the fluxes of coccolithophorids, silicoflagellates, and diatoms, respectively. Significant changes in taxonomic composition of the silicoflagellate and ebridian fluxes were observed between Year I and Year 2. The higher fluxes in Year 2 and the observed taxonomic changes imply that the upper water column in Year 2 was warmer and more eutrophic compared to Year 1, possibly linked to greater advection of nutrient-rich coastal waters to the center of the Black Sea through meso-scale eddies. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {black sea, circulation, coccolithophorid, diatom, dictyocha-speculum, ebridian, Eutrophication, field, pacific, particle flux, primary production, scale, sediment trap, silicoflagellate, surface, variability, waters, western},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000231589700006},
	author = {Osawa, M. and Takahashi, K. and Hay, B. J.}
}
@article {606,
	title = {The potential role of anthropogenically derived nitrogen in the growth of harmful algae in California, USA},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {8},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Sp. Iss. SI384RRTimes Cited:7Cited References Count:54},
	month = {Dec},
	pages = {103-110},
	abstract = {Cultural eutrophication is frequently invoked as one factor in the global increase in harmful algal blooms, but is difficult to definitively. prove due to the myriad of factors influencing coastal phytoplankton bloom development. To assess whether eutrophication could be a factor in the development of harmful algal blooms in California (USA), we review the ecophysiological potential for urea uptake by Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae), Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae), and Lingulodinium polyedrum (Dinophyceae), all of which have been found at bloom concentrations and/or exhibited noxious effects in recent years in California coastal waters. We include new measurements from a large (Chlorophyll a > 500 mg m(-3)) red tide event dominated by Akashiwo sanguinea (Dinophyceae) in Monterey Bay, CA during September 2006. All of these phytoplankton are capable of using nitrate, ammonium, and urea, although their preference for these nitrogenous substrates varies. Using published data and recent coastal time series measurements conducted in Monterey Bay and San Francisco Bay, CA, we show that urea, presumably from coastal eutrophication, was present in California waters at measurable concentrations during past harmful algal bloom events. Based on these observations, we suggest that urea uptake could potentially sustain these harmful algae, and that urea, which is seldom measured as part of coastal monitoring programs, may be associated with these harmful algal events in California. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {ammonium, Eutrophication, heterosigma-akashiwo, laboratory cultures, marine-phytoplankton, nitrate, nitrate uptake, nitrogen uptake kinetics, phytoplankton blooms, Pseudo-nitzschia, santa-barbara channel, southern-california, uptake kinetics, urea},
	isbn = {1568-9883},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000261762400013},
	author = {Kudela, R. M. and Lane, J. Q. and Cochlan, W. P.}
}
@article {547,
	title = {Influence of terrestrial runoff on phytoplankton species richness-biomass relationships: A double stress hypothesis},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},
	volume = {362},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	note = {336HLTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:55},
	month = {Jul 18},
	pages = {55-62},
	abstract = {The relationship between biomass and species richness (SR) was studied along productivity gradients in coastal phytoplankton assemblages under the influence of terrestrial runoff. In Particular, the investigation focused on (a) whether phytoplankton blooms affect the shape of the relationship, (b) whether the relationship is taxon specific (between dinoflagellates and diatoms), and (c) the potential mechanisms regulating the shape of the relationship. Analysis was based on phytoplankton and physicochemical data from six coastal areas in the Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean, covering the whole range from oligotrophy to eutrophication. A SR-biomass relationship was not observed for the more oligotrophic areas, whereas hump-shaped curves were found in areas yielding higher maximum biomass values, corresponding to bloom events occurring mainly during winter. Furthermore, the observed hump-shaped relationships were taxon specific since they were More pronounced in the case of diatoms than dinoflagellates. It is hypothesized that SR at the leftmost part of the hump-shape is nutrient regulated, whereas at the rightmost part is limited by extreme abiotic stress occurring during the formation of blooms in coastal ecosystems. The results of this study suggest that a double Stress mechanism related to abiotic factors may be responsible for the hump-shaped SR-biomass relationships occurring in coastal phytoplankton communities at various levels of productivity. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {abiotic stress, aegean sea, biodiversity, coastal ecosystems, communities, competitive-exclusion, disturbance, diversity, Eutrophication, hump-shape relationship, marine-phytoplankton, nutrient sources, Nutrients, productivity, Pseudo-nitzschia},
	isbn = {0022-0981},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000258354800009},
	author = {Spatharis, S. and Mouillot, D. and Danielidis, D. B. and Karydis, M. and Chi, T. D. and Tsirtsis, G.}
}
@article {559,
	title = {100-years-changes in the phytoplankton community of Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea)},
	journal = {Journal of Marine Systems},
	volume = {73},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Sp. Iss. SI367PETimes Cited:0Cited References Count:68},
	month = {Oct},
	pages = {300-322},
	abstract = {Literature data from 1905/06, 1912/13 and 1949/50 were compared with recent data (2001-2003) from Kiel Bight in order to investigate changes in phytoplankton composition and biomass, which may serve as indicators of environmental changes. In terms of biomass, diatomophyceae and dinophyceae are by far the most important groups. Their ratio is still close to unity. The share of diatomophyceae increased strongly in years with exceptionally high summer blooms (2001) or exceptionally early spring blooms (2003). The summer and autumn blooms of Chaetoceros and Skeletonema, detected in the early 20th century, are replaced by other diatoms (Cerataulina pelagica, Dactyliosolen fragilissimus, Proboscia alata, Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). Chaetoceros and Skeletonema are still important components of the spring blooms. Now as before, the autumn blooms are dominated by Ceratium spp., sometimes also by diatoms. Newly appearing bloom-forming species are mostly potentially toxic (Dicryocha speculum, Prorocentrum minimum, Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). The total phytoplankton biomass has roughly doubled in the course of the last century. The reference condition for phytoplankton biomass in Kiel Bight in the sense of the Water Framework Directive was defined at 55 mg C m(-3) (+/- 10\%, annual mean). The mean annual biomass of diatomophyceae and dinophyceae was 25 mg C m-3 (+/- 40\%) for each, indicating that the sum of their carbon biomass amounted to 90\% (+/- 10\%) of the total phytoplankton biomass on an annual average. Diatomophyceae represented at least 80\% of carbon biomass in the spring bloom peak at the beginning of the 20th century. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {baltic sea, cyanobacterial blooms, Eutrophication, History, impact, inshore area, kiel bight, long-term analysis, phytoplankton biomass, plankton, prorocentrum-minimum, reference conditions for phytoplankton, species shift, the eu water framework directive, trends},
	isbn = {0924-7963},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000260563300007},
	author = {Wasmund, N. and Gobel, J. and Von Bodungen, B.}
}
@article {600,
	title = {Rapid downward transport of the neurotoxin domoic acid in coastal waters},
	journal = {Nature Geoscience},
	volume = {2},
	number = {4},
	year = {2009},
	note = {433XWTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:29},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {272-275},
	abstract = {Toxic phytoplankton blooms threaten coastlines worldwide by diminishing beach quality and adversely affecting marine ecosystems and human health(1,2). The common diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia consists of several species known to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid(3). Recent studies suggest that algal blooms dominated by Pseudo-nitzschia are increasing in frequency and duration owing to changes in coastal nutrient regimes(1,4,5). However, few studies have examined the persistence or long-term biogeochemical cycling of domoic acid in marine waters(6-8). Here, we measure the concentration of domoic acid in surface waters and sediment traps-up to 800m in depth-off the coast of Southern California. We show that peaks in Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and domoic acid concentrations in surface waters coincide with peaks in diatom and toxin abundance at depth, suggesting rapid downward transport of the toxin. In some cases, the sinking particles contain over five times the United States federal limit of domoic acid. Detection of domoic acid in bottom sediments indicates that the toxin may persist long after the Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. Our results indicate that vertical fluxes of domoic acid are a substantial source of the toxin to deep-ocean food webs, and could explain high levels of domoic acid previously observed in benthic organisms(9,10).},
	keywords = {abundance, california, diatom pseudonitzschia-australis, Eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, monterey bay, photodegradation, pseudo-nitzschia-australis, sea lions, USA},
	isbn = {1752-0894},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000265240100017},
	author = {Sekula-Wood, E. and Schnetzer, A. and Benitez-Nelson, C. R. and Anderson, C. and Berelson, W. M. and Brzezinski, M. A. and Burns, J. M. and Caron, D. A. and Cetinic, I. and Ferry, J. L. and Fitzpatrick, E. and Jones, B. H. and Miller, P. E. and Morton, S. L. and Schaffner, R. A. and Siegel, D. A. and Thunell, R.}
}
