@book {17,
	title = {Diatomees marines de France et des districts maritimes voisins},
	year = {1897},
	pages = {557},
	author = {H. Peragallo and M. Peragallo}
}
@article {148,
	title = {Chesapeake bay phytoplankton: I. Composition},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {107},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	month = {12/1994},
	pages = {573-585},
	chapter = {573},
	abstract = {A list of all 708 phytoplankton taxa from 10 algal divisions has been compiled for the Chesapeake Bay and is based on the analysis of 2384 water samples over three decades of study. The flora represents a diverse assemblage of algae, dominated annually by a variety of diatoms and phytoflagellates.},
	author = {Harold G. Marshall}
}
@article {294,
	title = {A review of Pseudo-nitzschia, with special reference to the Skagerrak, North Atlantic, and adjacent waters},
	journal = {Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Times Cited: 30ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 62Ug450},
	pages = {131-175},
	abstract = {The Pseudo-nitzschia flora of the Skagerrak, North Atlantic, and adjacent waters, comprising P. pungens, P. multseries, P. seriata, P. fraudulenta, P. heimii, P. delicatissima, and P. pseudodelicatissima, has been examined. Except for P. australis, all Pseudo-nitzschia species shown to produce the toxin domoic acid are present in the area although an outbreak of amnesic shellfish poisoning has never been reported. For comparison of morphological and taxonomic characters, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. obtusa, P. australis, P. subfraudulenta, P. subpacifica, P. lineola, P. inflatula, and P. cuspidata have been included in this investigation. Fine details of band structure and poroid occlusions, previously ignored or unresolved, have proven to add to the morphological distinction between P. pungens and P. multiseries, P. seriata and P. fraudulenta, P. seriata and P. australis, and P. delicatissima and P. pseudodelicatissima. Additional information on the structure of the proximal mantle compared to that of the valve face has revealed similarities in most of the species but differences between P. pungens and P. multiseries. The species{\textquoteright} seasonal and long-term distributional patterns during the sampling period (October 1978 through September 1993) in the Skagerrak area are outlined. The greatest abundances of P. seriata, a cold-water species most likely restricted to the northern hemisphere, occurred in the spring, and those of the presumably cosmopolitan diatoms P. pungens, P. multiseries and P. pseudodelicatissima, in the autumn. Whereas P. multiseries seems to have decreased in abundance in the 1990s, P. pseudodelicatissima has apparently increased.},
	keywords = {canada, diatoms, domoic-acid, pseudonitzschia-australis, pungens, toxin},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996UG45000001},
	author = {Hasle, G. R. and C. B. Lange and E. E. Syvertsen}
}
@inbook {213,
	title = {Bloom dynamics and physiology of domoic-acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species},
	booktitle = {Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms},
	series = {NATO ASI},
	volume = {G 41},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {267-292},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Bates, S. S. and D. L. Garrison and R. A. Horner},
	editor = {D. M. Anderson and A. D. Cembella and G. M. Hallegraef}
}
@inbook {67,
	title = {Ecophysiology and metabolism of ASP toxin production},
	booktitle = {Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {405-426},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Heidelberg},
	author = {Stephen S. Bates}
}
@article {367,
	title = {Environmental stress and domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia: a physiological perspective},
	journal = {Natural Toxins},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {127-135},
	author = {Pan, Y. and Bates, S. S. and A. D. Cembella}
}
@article {292,
	title = {Are most of the domoic acid-producing species of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia cosmopolites?},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISSN: 1568-9883Language: EnglishSummary Language: English},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {137-146},
	abstract = {Records from all oceans, most of them published during 1990-2000, and personal unpublished observations of nine Pseudo-nitzschia taxa known as potential domoic acid (DA) producers have been used to outline their geographical distribution. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. seriata as the only taxon was found in the North Atlantic Ocean exclusively. The records of P. multistriata were too few and the identification of P. turgidula from the North Atlantic too unreliable to provide an idea about their distribution. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and the less frequently recorded P. fraudulenta, P. multiseries and P. australis appeared to be cosmopolites. The wide distribution of the apparently most efficient da producers, P. australis and P. multiseries, is especially noteworthy. The records of P. delicatissima and P. pseudodelicatissima also indicate a cosmopolitan distribution although with the qualification of certain taxonomic and identification ambiguities. Hence, the question of whether most DA-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species are cosmopolites may be answered with a tentative {\textquoteright}yes{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {bacteria, Biological poisons, Cosmopolite species, cosmopolites, domoic acid, Fungi and Plants, geographical distribution, K 03039 Algae, neurotoxins, O 1010 Viruses, Protists, Pseudo-nitzschia, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata, pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, Pseudo-nitzschia turgidula, Q1 01222 Geographical distribution, taxonomy},
	author = {Hasle, G. R.}
}
@article {97,
	title = {Microsatellite marker development and genetic variation in the toxic marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Bacillariophyceae)},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {911-920},
	chapter = {911},
	abstract = {The genetic structure of phytoplankton populations is largely unknown. In this study we developed nine polymorphic microsatellite markers for the domoic acid-producing marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle. We then used them in the genotyping of 25 physiologically diverse field isolates and six of their descendants: 22 field isolates originated from eastern Canadian waters, two from European waters, and one from Russian waters. The numbers of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven and the observed heterozygosities from 0.39 to 0.70. A substantial degree of genetic variation was observed within the field isolates, with 23 different genotypes detected. The Russian isolate was the most genetically distinct, although there was also evidence of genetic differentiation at a more local scale. Mating experiments demonstrated that alleles were inherited in a mendelian manner. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries primer pairs were tested on DNA from four congeners: P. calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle; P. fraudulenta (P. T. Cleve) Hasle; and P. seriata (P. T. Cleve) H. Peragallo. Cross-reactivity was only observed in P. pungens. Our results are a first step in understanding the genetic variation present at the Pseudo-nitzschia "species" level and in determining the true biogeographic extent of Pseudo-nitzschia species.},
	keywords = {algae, diatoms, domoic acid, genetic diversity, genetic variation, microsatellites, population genetics, Pseudo-nitzschia, sexual reproduction},
	author = {Katharine M. Evans and Stephen S. Bates and Linda K. Medlin and Paul K. Hayes}
}
@article {175,
	title = {Effect of pH on growth and domoic acid production by potentially toxic diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {273},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 83838cq},
	pages = {1-15},
	abstract = {The effect of elevated pH on growth and on production of the neurotoxin domoic acid was studied in selected diatoms belonging to the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia. Growth of most of the 11 species studied stopped at pH values of 8.7 to 9.1. However, for P. delicatissima and N. navis-varingica the pH limit for growth was higher, 9.3 and 9.7 to 9.8, respectively. A compilation of all available data on the pH limits for growth of marine planktonic diatoms suggests that species from ponds and rock pools all have higher limits than coastal and oceanic species. Taking only coastal and oceanic species into account, the data suggest that smaller species have a higher upper pH limit for growth than larger species. Elevated pH induced production of domoic acid in P, multiseries in amounts comparable to those detected previously under silicate and phosphate limitation. As Pseudo-nitzschia species are found in high concentrations in nutrient- enriched areas, high pH and hence induction of the production of domoic acid would be expected during blooms. These results may help to understand when and why Pseudo-nitzschia species produce domoic acid in the field.},
	keywords = {Bacillariophyceae, Batch culture, cell volume, diatom, domoic acid, extracellular carbonic-anhydrase, growth rate, inorganic carbon, marine-phytoplankton, metal toxicity, multiseries, pH, phytoplankton, Pseudo-nitzschia, sea lions, silicate limitation, toxin production, west-coast},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000222691100001},
	author = {Lundholm, N. and Hansen, P. J. and Kotaki, Y.}
}
@article {270,
	title = {Microsatellite marker development and genetic variation in the toxic marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 61858ga},
	month = {OCT},
	pages = {911-920},
	abstract = {The genetic structure of phytoplankton populations is largely unknown. In this study we developed nine polymorphic microsatellite markers for the domoic acid-producing marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle. We then used them in the genotyping of 25 physiologically diverse field isolates and six of their descendants: 22 field isolates originated from eastern Canadian waters, two from European waters, and one from Russian waters. The numbers of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven and the observed heterozygosities from 0.39 to 0.70. A substantial degree of genetic variation was observed within the field isolates, with 23 different genotypes detected. The Russian isolate was the most genetically distinct, although there was also evidence of genetic differentiation at a more local scale. Mating experiments demonstrated that alleles were inherited in a Mendelian manner. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries primer pairs were tested on DNA from four congeners: P. calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle; P. fraudulenta (P. T. Cleve) Hasle; P. pungens (Grunow ex P. T. Cleve) Hasle; and P. seriata (P. T. Cleve) H. Peragallo. Cross-reactivity was only observed in P. pungens. Our results are a first step in understanding the genetic variation present at the Pseudo-nitzschia"species" level and in determining the true biogeographic extent of Pseudo-nitzschia species.},
	keywords = {algae, diatoms, ditylum-brightwellii, DNA probes, domoic acid, domoic acid production, genetic diversity, genetic variation, hasle hasle, microsatellites, molecular techniques, population genetics, Pseudo-nitzschia, seriata bacillariophyceae, sexual reproduction, skeletonema-costatum bacillariophyceae, species bacillariophyceae, targeted fluorescent-probes, whole-cell hybridization},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000224179100014},
	author = {Evans, K. M. and Bates, S. S. and Medlin, L. K. and Hayes, P. K.}
}
@article {470,
	title = {Diversity of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo in the Quoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy, Canada},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	note = {889LZTimes Cited:16Cited References Count:53},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {Representative species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia are well established in the Bay of Fundy and are frequent contributors to the phytoplankton community of the Quoddy Region. This manuscript documents for the first time the specific diversity of this genus in the Quoddy Region. At least seven species of Pseudo-nitzschia are present in our samples, five of which represent new records for the region. These new records include: Pseudo-nitzschia americana, Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and Pscudo-nitzschia subpacifica. The rarest and least known species is P. americana, while the most morphologically diverse one is Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima (and P. pseudodelicatissima-like morphologies) known from the area since the 1930s, and includes both toxic and non-toxic varieties. Therefore, morphometrics, taxonomic discussion and distribution patterns are more completely documented for these two species. P subpacifica is the most recent addition to the local diversity of the genus. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, earlier reported from the Bay of Fundy, was not observed in our samples. The presence of Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima is confirmed, although a comparison with the narrow needle-shaped taxa reported earlier in the previous century is not possible. Five of the seven Pseudo-nitzschia species are now known to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid in various regions throughout the world, with P pseudodelicatissima producing domoic acid in the Bay of Fundy [Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 67 (1990) 177]. Although analysis of morphology continues to be the most reliable method for species identification, surprisingly little is known about the specific range of natural morphological variability outside Europe. Here, we present morphological data for species detection in the Bay of Fundy and emphasize the differences between the Bay of Fundy populations and those from elsewhere. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {domoic acid, morphology, multiseries, p. americana, p. fraudulenta, p. multiseries, p. pseudodelicatissima, P. pungens, p. subpacifica, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, Pseudonitzschia, pungens, toxin, waters, west-coast},
	isbn = {1568-9883},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000226445800001},
	author = {Kaczmarska, I. and LeGresley, M. M. and J. L. Martin and Ehrman, J.}
}
@article {230,
	title = {Heterotrophic dinoflagellate fecal pellet production: grazing of large, chain-forming diatoms during upwelling events in Monterey Bay, California},
	journal = {Aquatic Microbial Ecology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 1ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 26988jq},
	month = {OCT 18},
	pages = {293-298},
	abstract = {An athecate phagotrophic dinoflagellate (Gyrodinium sp.) ingests chain-forming diatoms that are abundant during upwelling events in Monterey Bay, CA, USA, and contiguous waters. The chains are digested and egested with a peritrophic membrane covering the fecal pellet, consistent with earlier reports from high productivity environments. The maximum abundance of the dinoflagellate during more than a decade of monitoring was 4000 cells l(-1). Its primary prey comprised chains of centric diatoms such as Chaetoceros spp. or Skeletonema spp., although Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were also observed in the dinoflagellate{\textquoteright}s fecal pellets. Maximum grazing by this dinoflagellate represented 10\% of the total phytoplankton biomass. Our observations suggest a lesser role of large heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the ecology of central California waters compared to other regions.},
	keywords = {antarctic sea ice, bloom, flux, growth, heterotrophic dinoflagellates, microzooplankton, microzooplankton grazing, phytoplankton, rates, system, ultrastructure},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000233591200011},
	author = {K. R. Buck and Marin, R. and F. P. Chavez}
}
@article {360,
	title = {Copepod feeding selectivity on microplankton, including the toxigenic diatoms},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {326},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 61120rt},
	pages = {207-220},
	abstract = {As part of the Pacific Northwest ECOHAB project, we measured clearance rates and feeding selectivity of calanoid copepods off the coast of Washington State, USA, during fall of 2003. We tested the hypothesis that copepods discriminate amongst prey, particularly against the toxic diatoms Pseudonitzschia spp. in natural assemblages from this highly productive, upwelling environment. Seven grazing experiments were conducted across and along the shelf using the copepods Calanus pacificus, Metridia pacifica, Acartia longiremis and a small community assemblage dominated by Acartia spp., with minor contributions from Pseudocalanus spp., Paracalanus spp. and Oithona spp. Three general patterns emerged from our experiments. First, all copepods, except A. longiremis in 1 experiment, showed neutral preference or discriminated against Pseudo-nitzschia, but preference did not appear related to cellular domoic acid concentrations. Second, the dominant prey biomass contributors in each experiment were cleared at low rates relative to other prey types. In most cases the dominants were the diatom Thalassiosira spp. or the autotrophic dinoflagellates Ceratium spp. and Prorocentrum spp. The third pattern was high preference for microzooplankton. High clearance on microzooplankton can result in trophic cascades, which were evident in our size-fractionated chlorophyll data. These patterns indicate that copepods could have both direct and indirect effects on the plankton community composition on the Washington coast. However, our estimates of total potential grazing suggest that copepod grazing impact on Pseudo-nitzschia populations is negligible.},
	keywords = {acartia-tonsa, calanus-pacificus, copepod grazing, domoic acid production, egg-production, electivity indexes, essential lipids, food quality, growth, microzooplankton, natural plankton assemblages, prey selectivity, Pseudo-nitzschia, washington-state},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000243104300018},
	author = {Olson, M. B. and Lessard, E. J. and Wong, C. H. J. and Bernhardt, M. J.}
}
@article {468,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia species population dynamics in the Quoddy Region, Bay of Fundy},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	note = {238TNTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:57},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {861-874},
	abstract = {The population dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia species from the Quoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy was examined in a field-based study. Five stations were sampled over a period of 11 weeks during the course of one discrete bloom episode in 2003 with seven species of Pseudo-nitzschia found and enumerated: P. americana, R delicatissima, R pseudodelicatissima, R fraudulenta, P. pungens, R seriata and P subpacifica. We related species abundance to physical and chemical properties of seawater (transparency, fluorescence, silicate, phosphate, nitrite + nitrate, ammonia, nitrite, oxygen, sigma-t, tidal level, tidal state and total depth of water column) using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to identify factors explaining the greatest amount of variance in their temporal and spatial distribution patterns. Our results indicate that abundance of species and groups of species correlated well with certain specific chemical and physical properties of seawater. R pseudodelicatissima and P. delicatissima abundance was positively correlated with nitrates and P americana with depth of the water column. R pungens was more abundant in samples with higher concentrations of phosphates and lower concentrations of nitrates. P. seriata abundance was negatively associated with total fluorescence. P. subpacifica and R fraudulenta abundances were not statistically related to any of the variables examined. Our data therefore provides direction for testable, hypothesis driven experiments that could provide predictive insights into the occurrence of certain harmful algal bloom (HAB) species should specific environmental variables be further affected along the gradients extracted in this study. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {amnesic shellfish poisoning, Bacillariophyceae, bloom, california, canada, coast, diatom pseudonitzschia-australis, domoic acid, population dynamics, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, sea, waters},
	isbn = {1568-9883},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000251470600010},
	author = {Kaczmarska, I. and J. L. Martin and Ehrman, J. M. and LeGresley, M. M.}
}
