@book {17,
	title = {Diatomees marines de France et des districts maritimes voisins},
	year = {1897},
	pages = {557},
	author = {H. Peragallo and M. Peragallo}
}
@article {157,
	title = {Seasonal phytoplankton composition in the lower Chesapeake Bay and Old Plantation Creek, Cape Charles, Virginia},
	journal = {Estuaries},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {1980},
	month = {09/1980},
	pages = {207-216},
	chapter = {207},
	abstract = {During a 14-month phytoplankton study in the lower Chesapeake Bay, there was a bi-modal pattern of population peaks with fall and spring maxima. The phytoplankton was dominated by Skeletonema costatum and other diatoms similar to the major dominants found on the continental shelf. The composition in an inlet adjacent to the Bay was similar throughout most of the period, but differed from Bay populations during the summer months when larger concentrations and diversity of phytoflagellates and small sized diatoms occurred. Seasonal phytoplankton assemblages characteristic for the lower and entire Chesapeake Bay are given with the seasonal appearances noted for 219 phytoplankters. The importance of nanophytoplankters, both diatoms and the phytoflagellates, to the total phytoplankton composition is also emphasized.},
	author = {Harold G. Marshall}
}
@article {183,
	title = {Domoic acid, the toxic amino acid responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning, now in Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Bacillariophyceae) in Europe},
	journal = {Phycologia},
	volume = {33},
	number = {6},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Times Cited: 41NoteEnglishCited References Count: 27Pw432},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {475-478},
	keywords = {australis, bay, canada, diatoms, mussels, outbreak, prince-edward-island},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1994PW43200010},
	author = {Lundholm, N. and Skov, J. and R. Pocklington and Moestrup, {\O}.}
}
@article {148,
	title = {Chesapeake bay phytoplankton: I. Composition},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {107},
	number = {4},
	year = {1994},
	month = {12/1994},
	pages = {573-585},
	chapter = {573},
	abstract = {A list of all 708 phytoplankton taxa from 10 algal divisions has been compiled for the Chesapeake Bay and is based on the analysis of 2384 water samples over three decades of study. The flora represents a diverse assemblage of algae, dominated annually by a variety of diatoms and phytoflagellates.},
	author = {Harold G. Marshall}
}
@article {294,
	title = {A review of Pseudo-nitzschia, with special reference to the Skagerrak, North Atlantic, and adjacent waters},
	journal = {Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Times Cited: 30ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 62Ug450},
	pages = {131-175},
	abstract = {The Pseudo-nitzschia flora of the Skagerrak, North Atlantic, and adjacent waters, comprising P. pungens, P. multseries, P. seriata, P. fraudulenta, P. heimii, P. delicatissima, and P. pseudodelicatissima, has been examined. Except for P. australis, all Pseudo-nitzschia species shown to produce the toxin domoic acid are present in the area although an outbreak of amnesic shellfish poisoning has never been reported. For comparison of morphological and taxonomic characters, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. obtusa, P. australis, P. subfraudulenta, P. subpacifica, P. lineola, P. inflatula, and P. cuspidata have been included in this investigation. Fine details of band structure and poroid occlusions, previously ignored or unresolved, have proven to add to the morphological distinction between P. pungens and P. multiseries, P. seriata and P. fraudulenta, P. seriata and P. australis, and P. delicatissima and P. pseudodelicatissima. Additional information on the structure of the proximal mantle compared to that of the valve face has revealed similarities in most of the species but differences between P. pungens and P. multiseries. The species{\textquoteright} seasonal and long-term distributional patterns during the sampling period (October 1978 through September 1993) in the Skagerrak area are outlined. The greatest abundances of P. seriata, a cold-water species most likely restricted to the northern hemisphere, occurred in the spring, and those of the presumably cosmopolitan diatoms P. pungens, P. multiseries and P. pseudodelicatissima, in the autumn. Whereas P. multiseries seems to have decreased in abundance in the 1990s, P. pseudodelicatissima has apparently increased.},
	keywords = {canada, diatoms, domoic-acid, pseudonitzschia-australis, pungens, toxin},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996UG45000001},
	author = {Hasle, G. R. and C. B. Lange and E. E. Syvertsen}
}
@book {260,
	title = {Toxic Diatoms Belonging to the Genus Pseudo-nitzschia from the Coast of Southern China},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Conference: PACON {\textquoteright}97: Symposium on Resource Development, Oct 1997Language: EnglishBook MonographInput Center, ASFA: NO0200408},
	publisher = {Environment Issues and the Sustainable Development of Coastal Waters. pp. 434-443. 1997.},
	organization = {Environment Issues and the Sustainable Development of Coastal Waters. pp. 434-443. 1997.},
	abstract = {Only two species of potentially toxic diatoms have been observed in the waters of southern coastal China, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Hasle and P. pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries was first described for coastal China by Dickman (1996) and P. pseudodelicatissima from coastal China is described here for the first time. In addition to these two potentially toxic species, five non-toxic species of Pseudo-nitzschia were observed (P. subpacifica, P. pungens, P. seriata, P. Sinica and P. multistriata). P. sinica is a new species (Qi et al. 1994) and P. subpacifica and P. multistriata were observed for the first time in southern China by Qi and Zheng (unpublished data). P. pungens was observed at all stations surveyed along the entire southern-central coast of China. It was present most of the year except for late winter. In June of 1990 a bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia species (140,000 cells L-1) was observed in Mirs Bay (Tai Pang Wan). This was the highest Pseudo-nitzschia density reported for the coastal waters of southern China. The highest density of Pseudo-nitzschia in Hong Kong, occurred in September of 1996 (109,000 cells L-1). Because identification of the different species of Pseudo-nitzschia necessitates the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) the ratio of potentially toxic to non-toxic species was inferred from SEM. The ratio ranged from 74-100 non-toxic for every potentially toxic species identified under the SEM.},
	keywords = {Article, Article Subject Terms: New species, Article Taxonomic Terms: Pseudo-nitzschia, Check lists, China, Geographic Terms: ISEW, morphology, People{\textquoteright}s Rep., Plant, pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima, Pseudo-nitzschia sinica, Q1 01223 Taxonomy and morphology, Red tides, taxonomy},
	author = {Dickman, M. D. and Qi, Y. and Zheng, L.}
}
@inbook {213,
	title = {Bloom dynamics and physiology of domoic-acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species},
	booktitle = {Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms},
	series = {NATO ASI},
	volume = {G 41},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {267-292},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Bates, S. S. and D. L. Garrison and R. A. Horner},
	editor = {D. M. Anderson and A. D. Cembella and G. M. Hallegraef}
}
@inbook {67,
	title = {Ecophysiology and metabolism of ASP toxin production},
	booktitle = {Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {405-426},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Heidelberg},
	author = {Stephen S. Bates}
}
@article {367,
	title = {Environmental stress and domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia: a physiological perspective},
	journal = {Natural Toxins},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {127-135},
	author = {Pan, Y. and Bates, S. S. and A. D. Cembella}
}
@inbook {186,
	title = {Leaflet No. 185 Potentially toxic phytoplankton 4. The diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Diatomophyceae/Bacillariophyceae)},
	booktitle = {ICES Identification Leaflets for Plankton},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1-23},
	publisher = {International Council for the Exploration of the Sea},
	organization = {International Council for the Exploration of the Sea},
	address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
	author = {Skov, J. and Lundholm, N. and Moestrup, {\O}. and Larsen, J.},
	editor = {Lindley, J. A.}
}
@book {444,
	title = {Harmful algae in Russian European Coastal waters},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Conference: 9. International Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms, Hobart (Australia), 7-11 Feb 2000Physical medium: Printed matterLanguage: EnglishSummary Language: EnglishBook Monograph; ConferenceASFA Input Center Number: KETF2001},
	publisher = {Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. pp. 112-115. 2001.},
	organization = {Harmful Algal Blooms 2000. pp. 112-115. 2001.},
	abstract = {Nineteen species of Dinophysis are known from the N-E Black sea. At the Caucasian Black Sea coastu the only region of mussel farming in Russia u D. rotundata and D. caudata occur at concentrations up to 600 cells l super(-1), and cases of DSP poisonings were observed there during the past 4 years, and DTX2 was found in farmed mussel in 1999. Massive noxious macroalgal bloom of several Cladophora species develop in summer at Anapa (biggest children resort in Russia). Pseudonitzschia pseudodelicatissima and P. seriata form winter-spring blooms in Black Sea, and concentrations reach over 10 super(6) cells 1 super(-1). In the N. Caspian Sea influenced by Volga discharge cyanobacterial blooms are a frequent phenomenon. In the Baltic toxic cyanobacterial blooms are recurrent in the Gulf of Finland and Kursha Gulf. Dinophysis species also occur there but local molluscs are not used as food. In Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea, where mussel banks are abundant, and at the Kola 1000cells l super(-1) in July-August. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata is one of the dominant species of spring bloom at Kola coast. In Pechora estuary bays (Eastern Barents coast) Aphanizomenon/Anabaena late summer blooms cause fish mortality every year.},
	keywords = {algae, Algal blooms, ANE, Biological poisons, Check lists, Effects on organisms, Environmental Regime:, Marine, Mortality causes, new species, phytoplankton, Poisonous organisms, primary production, pseudodelicatissima, Pseudonitzschia, Q1 01484 Species interactions: parasites and diseases, Q5 01504, Red tides, Russia, Toxicity},
	author = {Vershinin, A. and Kamnev, A.}
}
@article {292,
	title = {Are most of the domoic acid-producing species of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia cosmopolites?},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	note = {ISSN: 1568-9883Language: EnglishSummary Language: English},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {137-146},
	abstract = {Records from all oceans, most of them published during 1990-2000, and personal unpublished observations of nine Pseudo-nitzschia taxa known as potential domoic acid (DA) producers have been used to outline their geographical distribution. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. seriata as the only taxon was found in the North Atlantic Ocean exclusively. The records of P. multistriata were too few and the identification of P. turgidula from the North Atlantic too unreliable to provide an idea about their distribution. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and the less frequently recorded P. fraudulenta, P. multiseries and P. australis appeared to be cosmopolites. The wide distribution of the apparently most efficient da producers, P. australis and P. multiseries, is especially noteworthy. The records of P. delicatissima and P. pseudodelicatissima also indicate a cosmopolitan distribution although with the qualification of certain taxonomic and identification ambiguities. Hence, the question of whether most DA-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species are cosmopolites may be answered with a tentative {\textquoteright}yes{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {bacteria, Biological poisons, Cosmopolite species, cosmopolites, domoic acid, Fungi and Plants, geographical distribution, K 03039 Algae, neurotoxins, O 1010 Viruses, Protists, Pseudo-nitzschia, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata, pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, Pseudo-nitzschia turgidula, Q1 01222 Geographical distribution, taxonomy},
	author = {Hasle, G. R.}
}
@article {103,
	title = {Growth and domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Bacillariophyceae) under phosphate and silicate limitation},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {674-683},
	chapter = {674},
	keywords = {amnesic shellfish poisoning, diatoms, domoic acid, nutrient limitation, P. seriata, phosphate, silicate},
	author = {Johanna Fehling and Keith Davidson and Christopher J. Bolch and Stephen S. Bates}
}
@article {97,
	title = {Microsatellite marker development and genetic variation in the toxic marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Bacillariophyceae)},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {911-920},
	chapter = {911},
	abstract = {The genetic structure of phytoplankton populations is largely unknown. In this study we developed nine polymorphic microsatellite markers for the domoic acid-producing marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle. We then used them in the genotyping of 25 physiologically diverse field isolates and six of their descendants: 22 field isolates originated from eastern Canadian waters, two from European waters, and one from Russian waters. The numbers of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven and the observed heterozygosities from 0.39 to 0.70. A substantial degree of genetic variation was observed within the field isolates, with 23 different genotypes detected. The Russian isolate was the most genetically distinct, although there was also evidence of genetic differentiation at a more local scale. Mating experiments demonstrated that alleles were inherited in a mendelian manner. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries primer pairs were tested on DNA from four congeners: P. calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle; P. fraudulenta (P. T. Cleve) Hasle; and P. seriata (P. T. Cleve) H. Peragallo. Cross-reactivity was only observed in P. pungens. Our results are a first step in understanding the genetic variation present at the Pseudo-nitzschia "species" level and in determining the true biogeographic extent of Pseudo-nitzschia species.},
	keywords = {algae, diatoms, domoic acid, genetic diversity, genetic variation, microsatellites, population genetics, Pseudo-nitzschia, sexual reproduction},
	author = {Katharine M. Evans and Stephen S. Bates and Linda K. Medlin and Paul K. Hayes}
}
@article {276,
	title = {Domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Bacillariophyceae) in Scottish waters},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Times Cited: 2ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 49844pk},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {622-630},
	abstract = {In 1999, a 49,000 km(2) area in western Scottish waters was closed to shellfish harvesting due to the amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxin domoic acid (DA). The only previously confirmed DA producer identified had been Pseudo-nitzschia australis Frenguelli. The toxin has appeared every year since and has led to more harvesting closures. We isolated and cultured two strains of Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. seriata (P. T. Cleve) H. Peragallo from western Scottish waters in 2001 and 2002. They were identified using TEM analysis of their morphological fine structure and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1, 5.8S, ITS2, and partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA. The morphology of the Scottish P seriata f. seriata strains differed slightly, for example, in the number of poroid rows, from descriptions in identification keys. Comparison of P seriata sequences with those of two co-occurring Pseudo-nitzschia australis isolates showed an overall divergence of only 0.012. Sequence divergence between both species was highest in the ITS1 region (0.036). Combined morphological and genetic approaches are needed to identify closely related Pseudo-nitzschia species. The R seriata strains grew successfully at 15degrees C, suggesting that although seen as a psychrophilic species, it may also occur at higher water temperatures. All isolates produced DA in stationary phase (measured on day 25): 0.16-0.23 pg DA(.)cell(-1) in R seriata and 0.15-1.68pg DA (.) cell(-1) in P australis. Our study is the first to identify P seriata f. seriata as a DA producer in Scottish waters and indicates that at least it and R australis can be responsible for ASP toxicity in that region.},
	keywords = {alexandrium dinophyceae, amnesic shellfish poisoning, confirmation, diatoms, domoic acid, ITS rDNA sequence, LSU rDNA sequence, morphology, multiseries, pecten-maximus, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, pseudodelicatissima, pseudonitzschia-australis, pungens, ribosomal-rna, shellfish, west-coast},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000223171900001},
	author = {J. Fehling and Green, D. H. and K. Davidson and Bolch, C. J. and Bates, S. S.}
}
@article {275,
	title = {Growth and domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Bacillariophyceae) under phosphate and silicate limitation},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 53844pk},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {674-683},
	abstract = {Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Cleve) H. Peragallo isolated from Scottish west coast waters was studied in batch culture with phosphate (P) or silicate (Si) as the yield-limiting nutrient at 15degrees C. This species produced the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) when either nutrient was limiting but produced more when stressed by Si limitation during the stationary phase. Under P-limiting conditions, exponential growth stopped after P was reduced to a low threshold concentration. Under Si-limiting conditions, fast exponential growth was followed by a period of slower exponential growth, until Si became exhausted. A stationary phase was observed in the P-limited but not the Si-limited cultures, the latter showing a rapid decrease in cell density after the second exponential growth phase. Si-limited cultures exhibited a further period of active metabolism (as indicated by increases in ch1 and carbon per cell) late in the experiment, presumably fueled by regenerated Si. DA production was low in exponential phase under both conditions. In P-limited cultures, most DA was produced during the immediate postexponential phase, with little or no new DA produced during later cell senescence. In contrast, although a substantial amount of DA was produced during the slower exponential phase of the Si-limited cultures, DA production was even greater near the end of the experiment, coincident with the period of ch1 synthesis and increase in carbon biomass. Comparison of the magnitude of toxin production in the two nutrient regimes indicated a greater threat of P seriata-generated amnesic shellfish poisoning events under Si rather than P nutrient limitation.},
	keywords = {acartia-tonsa, amnesic shellfish poisoning, culture, diatoms, domoic acid, f-multiseries hasle, marine diatoms, neurotoxic amino-acid, nitrogen, nutrient limitation, P. seriata, phosphate, prince-edward-island, pseudonitzschia-australis, pungens, shellfish, silicate},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000223171900007},
	author = {J. Fehling and K. Davidson and Bolch, C. J. and Bates, S. S.}
}
@article {99,
	title = {Domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Bacillariophyceae) in Scottish waters},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {622-630},
	chapter = {622},
	keywords = {amnesic shellfish poisoning, diatoms, domoic acid, ITS rDNA sequence, LSU rDNA sequence, morphology, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata},
	author = {Stephen S. Bates and Johanna Fehling and David H. Green and Keith Davidson and Christopher J. Bolch}
}
@article {175,
	title = {Effect of pH on growth and domoic acid production by potentially toxic diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {273},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 83838cq},
	pages = {1-15},
	abstract = {The effect of elevated pH on growth and on production of the neurotoxin domoic acid was studied in selected diatoms belonging to the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia. Growth of most of the 11 species studied stopped at pH values of 8.7 to 9.1. However, for P. delicatissima and N. navis-varingica the pH limit for growth was higher, 9.3 and 9.7 to 9.8, respectively. A compilation of all available data on the pH limits for growth of marine planktonic diatoms suggests that species from ponds and rock pools all have higher limits than coastal and oceanic species. Taking only coastal and oceanic species into account, the data suggest that smaller species have a higher upper pH limit for growth than larger species. Elevated pH induced production of domoic acid in P, multiseries in amounts comparable to those detected previously under silicate and phosphate limitation. As Pseudo-nitzschia species are found in high concentrations in nutrient- enriched areas, high pH and hence induction of the production of domoic acid would be expected during blooms. These results may help to understand when and why Pseudo-nitzschia species produce domoic acid in the field.},
	keywords = {Bacillariophyceae, Batch culture, cell volume, diatom, domoic acid, extracellular carbonic-anhydrase, growth rate, inorganic carbon, marine-phytoplankton, metal toxicity, multiseries, pH, phytoplankton, Pseudo-nitzschia, sea lions, silicate limitation, toxin production, west-coast},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000222691100001},
	author = {Lundholm, N. and Hansen, P. J. and Kotaki, Y.}
}
@article {270,
	title = {Microsatellite marker development and genetic variation in the toxic marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {5},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 61858ga},
	month = {OCT},
	pages = {911-920},
	abstract = {The genetic structure of phytoplankton populations is largely unknown. In this study we developed nine polymorphic microsatellite markers for the domoic acid-producing marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) Hasle. We then used them in the genotyping of 25 physiologically diverse field isolates and six of their descendants: 22 field isolates originated from eastern Canadian waters, two from European waters, and one from Russian waters. The numbers of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven and the observed heterozygosities from 0.39 to 0.70. A substantial degree of genetic variation was observed within the field isolates, with 23 different genotypes detected. The Russian isolate was the most genetically distinct, although there was also evidence of genetic differentiation at a more local scale. Mating experiments demonstrated that alleles were inherited in a Mendelian manner. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries primer pairs were tested on DNA from four congeners: P. calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle; P. fraudulenta (P. T. Cleve) Hasle; P. pungens (Grunow ex P. T. Cleve) Hasle; and P. seriata (P. T. Cleve) H. Peragallo. Cross-reactivity was only observed in P. pungens. Our results are a first step in understanding the genetic variation present at the Pseudo-nitzschia"species" level and in determining the true biogeographic extent of Pseudo-nitzschia species.},
	keywords = {algae, diatoms, ditylum-brightwellii, DNA probes, domoic acid, domoic acid production, genetic diversity, genetic variation, hasle hasle, microsatellites, molecular techniques, population genetics, Pseudo-nitzschia, seriata bacillariophyceae, sexual reproduction, skeletonema-costatum bacillariophyceae, species bacillariophyceae, targeted fluorescent-probes, whole-cell hybridization},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000224179100014},
	author = {Evans, K. M. and Bates, S. S. and Medlin, L. K. and Hayes, P. K.}
}
@article {149,
	title = {A review of phytoplankton composition within Chesapeake Bay and its tidal estuaries},
	journal = {Journal of Plankton Research},
	volume = {27},
	number = {11},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1083-1102},
	chapter = {1083},
	doi = {10.1093/plankt/fbi079},
	author = {Harold G. Marshall and Lubomira Burchardt and Richard Lacouture}
}
@article {470,
	title = {Diversity of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo in the Quoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy, Canada},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	note = {889LZTimes Cited:16Cited References Count:53},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {Representative species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia are well established in the Bay of Fundy and are frequent contributors to the phytoplankton community of the Quoddy Region. This manuscript documents for the first time the specific diversity of this genus in the Quoddy Region. At least seven species of Pseudo-nitzschia are present in our samples, five of which represent new records for the region. These new records include: Pseudo-nitzschia americana, Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens and Pscudo-nitzschia subpacifica. The rarest and least known species is P. americana, while the most morphologically diverse one is Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima (and P. pseudodelicatissima-like morphologies) known from the area since the 1930s, and includes both toxic and non-toxic varieties. Therefore, morphometrics, taxonomic discussion and distribution patterns are more completely documented for these two species. P subpacifica is the most recent addition to the local diversity of the genus. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, earlier reported from the Bay of Fundy, was not observed in our samples. The presence of Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima is confirmed, although a comparison with the narrow needle-shaped taxa reported earlier in the previous century is not possible. Five of the seven Pseudo-nitzschia species are now known to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid in various regions throughout the world, with P pseudodelicatissima producing domoic acid in the Bay of Fundy [Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 67 (1990) 177]. Although analysis of morphology continues to be the most reliable method for species identification, surprisingly little is known about the specific range of natural morphological variability outside Europe. Here, we present morphological data for species detection in the Bay of Fundy and emphasize the differences between the Bay of Fundy populations and those from elsewhere. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {domoic acid, morphology, multiseries, p. americana, p. fraudulenta, p. multiseries, p. pseudodelicatissima, P. pungens, p. subpacifica, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, Pseudonitzschia, pungens, toxin, waters, west-coast},
	isbn = {1568-9883},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000226445800001},
	author = {Kaczmarska, I. and LeGresley, M. M. and J. L. Martin and Ehrman, J.}
}
@article {274,
	title = {Growth dynamics of non-toxic Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima and toxic P. seriata (Bacillariophyceae) under simulated spring and summer photoperiods},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {4},
	number = {4},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 1ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 30930zc},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {763-769},
	abstract = {Marine planktonic diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo have been responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) events worldwide through the production of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). The appearance and toxicity of Pseudonitzschia species is variable throughout the year and potentially linked to changes in environmental parameters; many ASP events occur in relatively high latitudes where day length is particularly variable with season. In UK waters, shellfish monitoring has prevented any impact on human health but has led to long-term closures of fisheries, with severe economic consequences. Laboratory experiments on two Pseudo-nitzschia species typically found in Scottish West Coast waters during spring (short photoperiod (SP)) and summer (long photoperiod (LP)) conditions were conducted to determine the influence of photoperiod on their growth and toxicity. Results indicated that non-toxic P. delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden achieved a greater cell density under SP (9-h light: 15-h dark (L:D) cycle). For toxin-producing P. seriata (Cleve) H. Peragallo, a LP (18-h L:6-h D cycle) resulted in an enhanced growth rate, cell yield and total toxin production, but it decreased the toxin production per cell. A better understanding of the response of Pseudo-nitzschia species to photoperiod and other foreseeable environmental variables may help predict the appearance of toxic strains. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {dark cycles, diatoms, domoic acid, domoic acid production, growth rate, Light, limitation, marine-phytoplankton, multiseries, p delicatissima, P. seriata, phosphate, photoperiod, Pseudo-nitzschia, Reproduction, shellfish},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000229454600008},
	author = {J. Fehling and K. Davidson and Bates, S. S.}
}
@article {408,
	title = {The problem of invaders in the Caspian Sea in the context of the findings of new zoo- and phytoplankton species from the Black Sea},
	journal = {Biology Bulletin},
	volume = {32},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 34899jg},
	month = {JAN-FEB},
	pages = {65-74},
	abstract = {In April 2004, an expedition to the Caspian Sea discovered the species in the Middle Caspian not previously described in this sea. These species preliminary identified as Oithona similis Claus 1963, Sagitta setosa Muller 1847, and Calanus euxinus (Hulsemann) are the main representatives of edible plankton of the Black Sea; most likely they were introduced into the Caspian Sea with ballast waters of ships passing through the Volga-Don Canal. At present, it is difficult to say if these species will be established in the Caspian Sea; if so, they will clearly become a valuable food resource for planktophagous fish in the Caspian Sea. In addition, we discovered two diatom species typical for the Black Sea phytoplankton, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Cleve) H. Peragallo and M. Peragallo and Cerataulina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey which invaded the Caspian Sea in recent years. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata synthesizes a toxin (domoic acid) and can become harmful for the basin in the case of mass bloom. We discuss the problem of spontaneous invasion of alien species from the Black Sea and their effect on the Caspian ecosystem in the context of these findings.},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000227140100011},
	author = {Shiganova, T. A. and Musaeva, E. I. and Pautova, L. A. and Bulgakova, Y. V.}
}
@article {230,
	title = {Heterotrophic dinoflagellate fecal pellet production: grazing of large, chain-forming diatoms during upwelling events in Monterey Bay, California},
	journal = {Aquatic Microbial Ecology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Times Cited: 1ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 26988jq},
	month = {OCT 18},
	pages = {293-298},
	abstract = {An athecate phagotrophic dinoflagellate (Gyrodinium sp.) ingests chain-forming diatoms that are abundant during upwelling events in Monterey Bay, CA, USA, and contiguous waters. The chains are digested and egested with a peritrophic membrane covering the fecal pellet, consistent with earlier reports from high productivity environments. The maximum abundance of the dinoflagellate during more than a decade of monitoring was 4000 cells l(-1). Its primary prey comprised chains of centric diatoms such as Chaetoceros spp. or Skeletonema spp., although Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were also observed in the dinoflagellate{\textquoteright}s fecal pellets. Maximum grazing by this dinoflagellate represented 10\% of the total phytoplankton biomass. Our observations suggest a lesser role of large heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the ecology of central California waters compared to other regions.},
	keywords = {antarctic sea ice, bloom, flux, growth, heterotrophic dinoflagellates, microzooplankton, microzooplankton grazing, phytoplankton, rates, system, ultrastructure},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000233591200011},
	author = {K. R. Buck and Marin, R. and F. P. Chavez}
}
@article {360,
	title = {Copepod feeding selectivity on microplankton, including the toxigenic diatoms},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {326},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 61120rt},
	pages = {207-220},
	abstract = {As part of the Pacific Northwest ECOHAB project, we measured clearance rates and feeding selectivity of calanoid copepods off the coast of Washington State, USA, during fall of 2003. We tested the hypothesis that copepods discriminate amongst prey, particularly against the toxic diatoms Pseudonitzschia spp. in natural assemblages from this highly productive, upwelling environment. Seven grazing experiments were conducted across and along the shelf using the copepods Calanus pacificus, Metridia pacifica, Acartia longiremis and a small community assemblage dominated by Acartia spp., with minor contributions from Pseudocalanus spp., Paracalanus spp. and Oithona spp. Three general patterns emerged from our experiments. First, all copepods, except A. longiremis in 1 experiment, showed neutral preference or discriminated against Pseudo-nitzschia, but preference did not appear related to cellular domoic acid concentrations. Second, the dominant prey biomass contributors in each experiment were cleared at low rates relative to other prey types. In most cases the dominants were the diatom Thalassiosira spp. or the autotrophic dinoflagellates Ceratium spp. and Prorocentrum spp. The third pattern was high preference for microzooplankton. High clearance on microzooplankton can result in trophic cascades, which were evident in our size-fractionated chlorophyll data. These patterns indicate that copepods could have both direct and indirect effects on the plankton community composition on the Washington coast. However, our estimates of total potential grazing suggest that copepod grazing impact on Pseudo-nitzschia populations is negligible.},
	keywords = {acartia-tonsa, calanus-pacificus, copepod grazing, domoic acid production, egg-production, electivity indexes, essential lipids, food quality, growth, microzooplankton, natural plankton assemblages, prey selectivity, Pseudo-nitzschia, washington-state},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000243104300018},
	author = {Olson, M. B. and Lessard, E. J. and Wong, C. H. J. and Bernhardt, M. J.}
}
@article {255,
	title = {Modelling the influence of silicon and phosphorus limitation on the growth and toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia seriata},
	journal = {African Journal of Marine Science},
	volume = {28},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 0ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 7091ta},
	month = {SEP},
	pages = {357-360},
	abstract = {Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Cleve) H. Peragallo isolated from Scottish west coast waters was studied in laboratory batch culture. The neurotoxin domoic acid was produced in both P- and Si-limited stationary phase, but in greater quantities when Si was the limiting nutrient. A mathematical model based on cell quota kinetics was used to simulate P. seriata growth and toxin production. The model was capable of simulating changes in cell density and carbon biomass in the independent Si- and P-limited experiments using a single parameter set. In the model, toxin production was related to C cell(-1) and triggered by nutrient stress, defined by low values of the carbon-based cell quota of the limiting nutrient. The study therefore suggests that simple models, based on easily measured quantities, are capable of simulating Pseudo-nitzschia growth and toxin production.},
	keywords = {Bacillariophyceae, cell quota, domoic acid, domoic acid production, modelling, Pseudo-nitzschia},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000241050000035},
	author = {K. Davidson and J. Fehling}
}
@article {468,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia species population dynamics in the Quoddy Region, Bay of Fundy},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {6},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	note = {238TNTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:57},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {861-874},
	abstract = {The population dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia species from the Quoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy was examined in a field-based study. Five stations were sampled over a period of 11 weeks during the course of one discrete bloom episode in 2003 with seven species of Pseudo-nitzschia found and enumerated: P. americana, R delicatissima, R pseudodelicatissima, R fraudulenta, P. pungens, R seriata and P subpacifica. We related species abundance to physical and chemical properties of seawater (transparency, fluorescence, silicate, phosphate, nitrite + nitrate, ammonia, nitrite, oxygen, sigma-t, tidal level, tidal state and total depth of water column) using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to identify factors explaining the greatest amount of variance in their temporal and spatial distribution patterns. Our results indicate that abundance of species and groups of species correlated well with certain specific chemical and physical properties of seawater. R pseudodelicatissima and P. delicatissima abundance was positively correlated with nitrates and P americana with depth of the water column. R pungens was more abundant in samples with higher concentrations of phosphates and lower concentrations of nitrates. P. seriata abundance was negatively associated with total fluorescence. P. subpacifica and R fraudulenta abundances were not statistically related to any of the variables examined. Our data therefore provides direction for testable, hypothesis driven experiments that could provide predictive insights into the occurrence of certain harmful algal bloom (HAB) species should specific environmental variables be further affected along the gradients extracted in this study. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {amnesic shellfish poisoning, Bacillariophyceae, bloom, california, canada, coast, diatom pseudonitzschia-australis, domoic acid, population dynamics, Pseudo-nitzschia, pseudodelicatissima, sea, waters},
	isbn = {1568-9883},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000251470600010},
	author = {Kaczmarska, I. and J. L. Martin and Ehrman, J. M. and LeGresley, M. M.}
}
@article {501,
	title = {Molecular probe sets for the detection of toxic algae for use in sandwich hybridization formats},
	journal = {Journal of Plankton Research},
	volume = {30},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {302SHTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:52},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {439-448},
	abstract = {Molecular probes can be used for early and rapid detection of toxic algal species. The sandwich hybridization requires two probes for each species, a capture probe and a nearly adjacent signal probe. Probe sets for the species-specific identification of the toxic algal species Gymnodinium catenatum, Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum, Prymnesium parvum, Chrysochromulina polylepis, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata and Pseudo-nitzschia pungens were designed. A genus probe set for Pseudo-nitzschia species was adapted, and all probe sets were tested for specificity. The target molecules for the probe sets are the large and the small subunit ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). The specificity of the different probe sets was tested using a sandwich hybridization assay in a microtiter plate with rRNA isolated from laboratory strains of the target species and closely related species. The assay showed that eight probe sets were highly specific. For G. catenatum and P. parvum, the probe sets detected one non-target species outside the target species. These 10 probe sets are valuable tools for identifying and monitoring different toxic algae. The microtiter plate assay is a cheap and effective means for testing probe specificity.},
	keywords = {alexandrium-minutum, Coastal waters, DNA probes, gymnodinium-catenatum, oligonucleotide probes, paralytic shellfish, real-time pcr, ribosomal-rna probes, solid-phase cytometry, whole-cell hybridization},
	isbn = {0142-7873},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000255989100009},
	author = {Diercks, S. and Metfies, K. and Medlin, L. K.}
}
@article {490,
	title = {Bio-optical characteristics of a phytoplankton bloom event off Baja California Peninsula (30-31 degrees N)},
	journal = {Continental Shelf Research},
	volume = {28},
	number = {4-5},
	year = {2008},
	note = {291XVTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:38},
	month = {Mar 30},
	pages = {672-681},
	abstract = {A phytoplankton bloom was detected in the Southern California Current System, off the Baja California Peninsula (Mexico) on June 2003 with chlorophyll-a concentration (TChla) of 10.13 mg m(-3). Two stations (D1 and D2) were sampled on June 24, and D2 was resampled 6 days later; chlorophyll-a concentration had decreased by about one half. LAC MODIS-Chla images were obtained and showed the spread of the bloom on the day after sampling. The phytoplankton community consisted primarily of dinoflagellate temporary cysts, mainly at the surface and at 5 m in station D1. Two Pseudo-nitzschia species (P. australis, P. seriata) were also very abundant. Samples from the bloom had a specific phytoplankton absorption coefficient (a*(ph)(lambda)) lower than the rest of the samples. Values varied from 0.0186 to 0.0455 m(2) mg(-1) for a*(ph)(440) and from 0.0092 to 0.0294 m(2) mg(-1) for a*(ph) (675), with ratios a*(ph)(440): a*(ph)(675) ranging from 0.99 to 2.20. These low ratios were associated with the combined effect of packaging, and with the relatively high ratios of fucoxanthin, peridinin, diadinoxanthin and chlorophyll-c2 to TChla. Samples from the surface and 5 m depth at station D1 had higher ratios of Perid:TChla (0.12-0.32) than the rest of the samples, suggesting that cysts have similar Perid:TChla as free-living dinoflagellates. An unusual absorption spectrum with a broad maximum around 480-500 nm was associated with the high proportion of cysts and diatoms. The slope of the spectra between 443 and 488 nm was a good index to differentiate bloom samples containing high proportions of dinoflagellate temporary cysts. Further investigation of the absorption properties of dinoflagellate cysts is needed in order to detect these waters by remote sensing. Although much work is still necessary to understand and explain the bio-optical properties of a bloom, the present study is the first assessment off the Baja California coast to simultaneously consider aspects such as absorption properties, pigment composition and to include a spatial evaluation of the extension of a bloom with satellite images. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {absorption coefficient, absorption-coefficients, california current (30-31 degrees n), chlorophyll-a, dinoflagellate cyst, hplc, light-absorption, marine-phytoplankton, Mexico, phytoplankton, pigments, Pseudo-nitzschia, red tide, system, variability, waters},
	isbn = {0278-4343},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://000255231600013},
	author = {Barocio-Leon, O. A. and Millan-Nunez, R. and Santamaria-del-Angel, E. and Gonzalez-Silvera, A. and Trees, C. C. and Orellana-Cepeda, E.}
}
