@book {458,
	title = {Fecundity, toxin and trophic levels of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis fed Pseudo-nitzschia pungens f. multiseries},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Conference: 7. International Conference on Marine Toxic Phytoplankton, Sendai (Japan), 12-16 Jul 1995Physical medium: Printed matterLanguage: EnglishSummary Language: EnglishBook Monograph; ConferenceASFA Input Center Number: KE0400124},
	publisher = {Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms. pp. 401-404. 1996.},
	organization = {Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms. pp. 401-404. 1996.},
	abstract = {Brachionus plicatilis was fed at satiation levels with toxic Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries, non-toxic P. pungens f. pungens, and Thalassiosira pseudonana supplemented with yeast for 15 days, a period corresponding to two generations of amictic females. Peaks in fecundity for rotifers fed T. pseudonana and yeast were less evident in those fed P. pungens f. pungens and were lacking in the rotifers fed P. pungens f. multiseries. Mean fecundities were similarly affected. Rate of domoic acid assimilation by the rotifer when fed P. pungens f. multiseries was rapid for 27 h. Toxin levels then declined rapidly to a minimum after 75 h of exposure, but increased again over the next 21 h of feeding. Changes in toxin levels in the rotifer were reflected in the changes to constituent tissue fatty acids, which corroborated a feeding inhibition by the toxin. The substantial change in fecundity resulting from the decline in trophic condition of the rotifer was not a function of nutritional insufficiency of the Pseudo-nitzschia species but rather feeding inhibition caused by domoic acid. An inhibition threshold level of about 18 mu g g super(-l) domoic acid was concluded from the data obtained from the feeding trial on the planktonic rotifer.},
	keywords = {Algal, Biological poisons, Biological properties, blooms, Brachionus plicatilis, Environmental Regime:, Fecundity, Feeding, Marine, multiseries, Nutrition, plankton, Poisonous organisms, Pseudonitzschia, Pseudonitzschia pungens, Q1 01481 Productivity, Red tides, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Toxicity, Trophic levels},
	author = {J.N.C. Whyte and L. D. Townsend and N. G. Ginther}
}
@article {630,
	title = {Five new species of the nanoflagellate Pirsonia in the German Bight, North Sea, feeding on planktic diatoms},
	journal = {Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {205-222},
	author = {Kuehn, SF and Drebes, G and Schnepf, E}
}
@article {123,
	title = {Nitrogenous nutrition of the potentially toxic diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries Hasle},
	journal = {Journal of Plankton Research},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {295-301},
	chapter = {295},
	abstract = {The potentially toxic diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries was grown on different sources of nitrogen in batch cultures. Ammonium did not support growth at concentrations > 200 micromolar, and even lowered the growth rate when it was supplied in addition to growth-saturating nitrate concentrations. This seemed to be a combined effect of inhibition of nitrate uptake and direct ammonia toxicity. Urea, glutamine and nitrite were used readily by P. pungens.},
	author = {Helmut Hillebrand and Ulrich Sommer}
}
@proceedings {450,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia pungens forma multiseries and other Pseudo-nitzschia species in the Dutch Wadden Sea},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {139-142},
	publisher = {UNESCO},
	address = {Sendai, Japan},
	author = {Vrieling, E. G. and Koeman, R. P. T. and Peperzak, L. and Veenhuis, M. and Scheerman, P. and Gieskes, W. W. C.},
	editor = {Yasumoto, T. and Oshima, Y. and Fukuyo, Y.}
}
@article {294,
	title = {A review of Pseudo-nitzschia, with special reference to the Skagerrak, North Atlantic, and adjacent waters},
	journal = {Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Times Cited: 30ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 62Ug450},
	pages = {131-175},
	abstract = {The Pseudo-nitzschia flora of the Skagerrak, North Atlantic, and adjacent waters, comprising P. pungens, P. multseries, P. seriata, P. fraudulenta, P. heimii, P. delicatissima, and P. pseudodelicatissima, has been examined. Except for P. australis, all Pseudo-nitzschia species shown to produce the toxin domoic acid are present in the area although an outbreak of amnesic shellfish poisoning has never been reported. For comparison of morphological and taxonomic characters, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata f. obtusa, P. australis, P. subfraudulenta, P. subpacifica, P. lineola, P. inflatula, and P. cuspidata have been included in this investigation. Fine details of band structure and poroid occlusions, previously ignored or unresolved, have proven to add to the morphological distinction between P. pungens and P. multiseries, P. seriata and P. fraudulenta, P. seriata and P. australis, and P. delicatissima and P. pseudodelicatissima. Additional information on the structure of the proximal mantle compared to that of the valve face has revealed similarities in most of the species but differences between P. pungens and P. multiseries. The species{\textquoteright} seasonal and long-term distributional patterns during the sampling period (October 1978 through September 1993) in the Skagerrak area are outlined. The greatest abundances of P. seriata, a cold-water species most likely restricted to the northern hemisphere, occurred in the spring, and those of the presumably cosmopolitan diatoms P. pungens, P. multiseries and P. pseudodelicatissima, in the autumn. Whereas P. multiseries seems to have decreased in abundance in the 1990s, P. pseudodelicatissima has apparently increased.},
	keywords = {canada, diatoms, domoic-acid, pseudonitzschia-australis, pungens, toxin},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996UG45000001},
	author = {Hasle, G. R. and C. B. Lange and E. E. Syvertsen}
}
@mastersthesis {446,
	title = {Synecology of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo from Moneterey Bay, California, USA},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {258},
	school = {Texas A\&M University},
	type = {mastersPh.D.},
	address = {College Station, Texas},
	author = {M. C. Villac}
}
@proceedings {258,
	title = {A search for domoic acid producing diatoms in Hong Kong waters},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Conference: 7. International Conference on Marine Toxic Phytoplankton, Sendai (Japan), 12-16 Jul 1995Physical medium: Printed matterLanguage: EnglishSummary Language: EnglishBook Monograph; ConferenceASFA Input Center Number: KE0400066},
	pages = {159-162},
	publisher = {UNESCO},
	address = {Sendai, Japan},
	abstract = {A search for potentially lethal domoic acid producing diatoms in Hong Kong was carried out in 1994. Prior to the algal bloom period (March-September) Pseudo-nitzschia was present at very low densities in the sediments of Hong Kong{\textquoteright}s Tolo Harbour. Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity, total dissolved solids and specific conductance were measured at each of five study sites in Tolo Harbour and one reference site in Mirs Bay, Hong Kong. Only dissolved oxygen varied significantly between stations. Surface sediment samples were collected using a sediment suction sampler. Eighteen thousand diatom frustules were counted. Sample collection was carried out in February of 1994 prior to red tide formation. Eleven red tides occurred in Tolo Harbour in 1994. Sampling prior to red tide formation was done to determine if benthic populations of Pseudo-nitzschia develop as a precursor to Pseudo-nitzschia plankton bloom formation. It was concluded that, prior to red tide formation, domoic acid producing diatoms are generally extremely rare in the benthos.},
	keywords = {Algal blooms, Biological poisons, China, diatoms, Dissolved oxygen, Environmental Regime:, hong kong, ISEW, Lethal effects, Marine, Mirs Bay, New Terr., People{\textquoteright}s Rep., pH effects, Pseudo-nitzschia, Q1 01481 Productivity, Q5 01501 General, Red tides, salinity, Temperature, Tolo Harbour},
	author = {Dickman, M.},
	editor = {Yasumoto, T. and Oshima, Y. and Fukuyo, Y.}
}
@article {371,
	title = {Changes in domoic acid production and cellular chemical composition of the toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries under phosphate limitation},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Times Cited: 10ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 59Ut670},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {371-381},
	abstract = {Production of domoic acid (DA) a neurotoxin, by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (previously Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries) Hasle and its cellular chemical composition were studied in phosphate-limited chemostat continuous cultures and in subsequent batch cultures. Under steady-state chemostat conditions, DA production increased from 0.01 to 0.26 pg DA . cell(-1). d(-1) as the growth rate decreased. When the nutrient supply was discontinued (to produce a batch culture), DA production was enhanced by a factor of ca. 3. DA production was temporarily suspended upon addition of phosphate to the batch cultures but resumed 1 d later at a higher rate coincident with the decline of phosphate uptake. In both steady-state continuous culture and batch culture, more DA was produced when alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) was high. The association of high DA production with high levels of APA and high cellular N:P ratios strongly suggests that phosphate limitation enhances DA production. Also, DA production was high when other primary metabolism (e.g, uptake of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon, and cell division) was low, but chlorophyll a and adenosine triphosphate were generally high. This suggests that the synthesis of DA requires a substantial amount of biogenic energy.},
	keywords = {adenosine triphosphate (atp), alkaline phosphatase activity (apa), Bacillariophyceae, central north-pacific, chemostat, culture, domoic acid (da), growth, marine diatom, nutrient limitation, phaeodactylum-tricornutum, phosphate limitation, phosphorus deficiency, Pseudonitzschia multiseries, pseudonitzschia-australis, pungens, shellfish, toxic diatom},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996UT67000004},
	author = {Pan, Y. L. and Rao, D. V. S. and Mann, K. H.}
}
@proceedings {362,
	title = {Bloom-forming diatom Pseudo-nitzschia pungens in Amurskii Bay (the Sea of Japan): morphology, ecology and biochemistry},
	year = {1996},
	month = {July 12-16, 1995},
	pages = {147-150},
	publisher = {UNESCO},
	address = {Sendai, Japan},
	author = {Orlova, T. Y. and Zhukova, N. V. and Stonik, I. V.},
	editor = {Yasumoto, T. and Oshima, Y. and Fukuyo, Y.}
}
@proceedings {313,
	title = {Domoic acid production by an isolate of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, a possible cause for the toxin detected in bivalves in Ofunato Bay, Japan},
	year = {1996},
	month = {July 12-16, 1995},
	pages = {151-154},
	publisher = {UNESCO},
	address = {Sendai, Japan},
	author = {Kotaki, Y. and Koike, K. and Ogata, T. and Sato, S. and Fukuyo, Y. and Kodama, M.},
	editor = {Yasumoto, T. and Oshima, Y. and Fukuyo, Y.}
}
@proceedings {392,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia species isolated from New Zealand coastal waters: domoic acid production in vitro and links with shellfish toxicity},
	year = {1996},
	month = {July 12-16, 1995},
	pages = {155-158},
	publisher = {UNESCO},
	address = {Sendai, Japan},
	author = {Rhodes, L. and White, D. and Syhre, M. and Atkinson, M.},
	editor = {Yasumoto, T. and Oshima, Y. and Fukuyo, Y.}
}
@proceedings {403,
	title = {Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in Willapa Bay, Washington, 1992 and 1993},
	year = {1996},
	month = {July 12-16 1995},
	pages = {131-134},
	publisher = {UNESCO},
	address = {Sendai, Japan},
	author = {Sayce, K. and R. A. Horner},
	editor = {Yasumoto, T. and Oshima, Y. and Fukuyo, Y.}
}
@article {373,
	title = {Effects of silicate limitation on production of domoic acid, a neurotoxin, by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries 2. Continuous culture studies},
	journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
	volume = {131},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Times Cited: 11ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 25Tz663},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {235-243},
	abstract = {Production of domoic acid (DA) by Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (Hasle) was studied using continuous cultures with growth rates ranging from 0.06 to 0.67 d(-1). At steady states, DA concentrations were 1.65 to 553.20 mu g l(-1) and production rates were 0.007 to 1.354 pg DA cell(-1) d(-1). Both were negatively correlated with rates of growth and silicate uptake. DA production was studied further by stop ping the addition of fresh medium, thus producing batch mode experiments, in some of which silicate was allowed to decline, while in another silicate was increased to 85 mu M. In those where silicate declined, DA production increased by a factor of 3. The maximum production rate attained was 3.17 pg DA cell(-1) d(-1) and the highest DA concentration in the culture was 768.5 mu g DA l(-1), of which 664 mu g l(-1) was in the cells (11.9 pg DA cell(-1)). In the experiment where silicate was enriched, DA production was suspended soon after the enrichment, but resumed when silicate in the medium became low. The results suggested differences in kinetics of DA production and growth under different supply rates of silicate. There appear to be 2 types of conditions associated with DA production. When dissolved silicate is moderately low and there is a decline in overall physiological activity, intrinsic factors probably trigger the formation of a moderate amount of DA. When dissolved silicate is severely limiting, the extrinsic stress leads to considerably enhanced production of DA.},
	keywords = {chemostat, continuous cultures, domoic acid, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, silicate limitation},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996TZ66300020},
	author = {Pan, Y. L. and Rao, D. V. S. and Mann, K. H. and Li, W. K. W. and Harrison, W. G.}
}
@article {372,
	title = {Acclimation to low light intensity in photosynthesis and growth of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Hasle, a neurotoxigenic diatom},
	journal = {Journal of Plankton Research},
	volume = {18},
	number = {8},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Times Cited: 2ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 34Ve808},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {1427-1438},
	abstract = {Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, a neurotoxigenic diatom, was grown in batch culture at light intensities between 53 and 1100 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). Cellular contents of carbon, nitrogen and chlorophyll a, and the relationship between photosynthesis and light levels, were studied during exponential (day 4) and stationary phases (day 12). In the stationary phase at low light, there was an increase in cellular chlorophyll a and the initial slope of P-I curves (alpha(B)), which permitted a photosynthetic assimilation of energy equivalent to that of cells grown at high light. In past incidents of domoic acid poisoning, this may have facilitated domoic acid production at low light intensities.},
	keywords = {culture, dinoflagellate gonyaulax-polyedra, domoic acid, Irradiance, marine-phytoplankton, phaeodactylum-tricornutum, physiological-responses, phytoplankton growth, pungens, skeletonema-costatum},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VE80800011},
	author = {Pan, Y. L. and Rao, D. V. S. and Mann, K. H.}
}
@article {354,
	title = {Identification of cultured Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) using species-specific LSU rRNA-targeted fluorescent probes},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {4},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Times Cited: 36ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 43Vd568},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {646-655},
	abstract = {Some, but not all, marine pennate diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo are associated with the production of domoic acid, a naturally occurring amino acid responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning. Distinguishing between potentially toxic and nontoxic representatives of this genus is time-consuming and difficult because it demands scanning electron microscopy of cleaned frustules. The objective of this work is to speed and ease identification of these organisms by using whole-cell (in situ) hybridization and species-specific large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rRNA)-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Toward that end, cultures of P. australis Frenguelli, P. pungens (Grunow) Hasle, P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle, P. fraudulenta (P. T. Cleve) Heiden, P. heimii Manguin, P. delicatissima (P. T. Cleve) Heiden, P. pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle, and P. americana (Hasle) Fryxell were screened with a suite of 15 putative species-specific probes. Of those, a subset of eight probes was found that distinguished each species tested. In addition, Pseudo-nitzschia chloroplasts were labeled with a probe directed against a eubacterial-conserved sequence. Identification of new cultures abased on their toward a set of probes agreed with species designations as defined by morphological criteria. Whole-cell hybridization is a rapid, simple, and cost-effective technique for discriminating among cultured Pseudo-nitzschia species.},
	keywords = {amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), Bacillariophyceae, bay, california, canada, diatom pseudonitzschia-australis, domoic acid, domoic acid production, fluorescent oligonucleotide, in situ hybridization, LSU rRNA, multiseries bacillariophyceae, Pseudo-nitzschia, pungens, ribosomal-rna, shellfish, west-coast},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VD56800021},
	author = {Miller, P. E. and Scholin, C. A.}
}
@book {218,
	title = {Domoic acid production by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries as a function of division rate in silicate-limited chemostat culture},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Conference: 7. International Conference on Marine Toxic Phytoplankton, Sendai (Japan), 12-16 Jul 1995Physical medium: Printed matterLanguage: EnglishSummary Language: EnglishBook Monograph; ConferenceASFA Input Center Number: KE0400067},
	publisher = {Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms. pp. 163-166. 1996.},
	organization = {Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms. pp. 163-166. 1996.},
	abstract = {In batch culture, the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (=Pseudo-nitzschia pungens f. multiseries) produces the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) primarily during the stationary phase when cell division ceases due to limitation by silicate or phosphate. Here we show that P. multiseries is also capable of producing DA while growing in silicate-limited chemostat cultures. Two experiments were carried out to explore the apparent paradox of DA production by dividing cells in a continuous culture system. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries was grown in non-axenic silicate-limited chemostats at division rates of ca. 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 d super(-1). There was an inverse linear relationship (r super(2) = 0.998 and 0.949 for the two experiments) between division rate and DA per cell. Cellular DA values were 8.5 and 5.4 pg cell super(-1) for the slowest dividing cultures, and 0.5 and 0.6 pg cell super(-1) for the fastest dividing cultures for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In Experiment 2, we reciprocally switched the dilution rates of the chemostats after 40 d. This resulted in the expected corresponding increase or decrease in cellular DA content, depending on the initial dilution rate of the culture. The results support the conclusion that DA is a secondary metabolite produced during conditions of stress due, e.g., to silicate limitation.},
	keywords = {Batch culture, Biological poisons, Cell, diatoms, division, Environmental Regime:, Experimental culture, Marine, neurotoxins, Pseudo-nitzschia, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, pungens, Q1 01481 Productivity, Silicates},
	author = {Bates, S. S. and Leger, C. and Smith, K. M.}
}
@article {398,
	title = {Electro-immunoblotting characterization of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and P. pungens antigens recognized by antibodies directed against whole cells},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Phycology},
	volume = {8, no. 1},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISSN: 0921-8971Language: EnglishSummary Language: English},
	pages = {51-58},
	abstract = {Separate polyclonal antibodies have previously been developed against the domoic-acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (= Pseudo-nitzschia pungens f. multiseries) and the non-toxic P. pungens (= P. pungens f. pungens). These antibodies bind to the surface of the diatoms as shown by immunofluorescence studies. Here we examine the molecular nature of the antigens by Western blotting (electro-immunoblotting) analysis. The major antigens for both polyclonal antibodies migrated as high molecular-weight diffuse bands, mostly remaining in the stacking gel, using an SDS-PAGE system. The antibodies prepared against P. multiseries strongly labelled the high molecular-weight antigens of all P. multiseries strains tested and showed little reactivity towards P. pungens extracts on Western blots. P. pungens antibodies strongly labelled high molecular-weight P. pungens antigens and faintly labelled a few P. multiseries antigens. The selectivity of the antibodies for their respective species correlates with the results of the immunofluorescence experiments, suggesting that the antigens examined in this study are responsible for the selective labelling in immunofluorescence studies. The electrophoretic mobility and the antibody labelling of antigens were not altered by proteolytic digestion of cell pellets. However, disruption of carbohydrates in the pellets by treatment with periodic acid resulted in loss of the antigen. These data suggest that the major antigens of toxic P. multiseries and non-toxic P. pungens are high molecular-weight (> 100 kDa) polysaccharides located on the surface of these diatoms.},
	keywords = {amnesic shellfish poison, Antibodies, antigens, Biological poisons, blotting, dangerous organisms, diatoms, domoic acid, electro-immunoblotting, food, immunoblotting, K 03086 Immunology \& vaccination, Marketing, medicines, O 5040 Processing, poisoning, polysaccharides, Products and, Pseudonitzschia multiseries, Pseudonitzschia pungens, Public health, Q1 01627 Food quality and standards, Q4 27180 Microalgae, Q5 01524 Public health, western},
	author = {Ross, N. W. and Bates, S. S.}
}
@article {422,
	title = {Spatial and temporal distributions of microplankton during the summers of 1992-1993 in Barkley Sound, British Columbia, with emphasis on harmful species},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
	volume = {53},
	number = {10},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Times Cited: 6ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 73We260},
	month = {OCT},
	pages = {2310-2322},
	abstract = {The microplankton community of an open coastal embayment in British Columbia (Barkley Sound) was typical of coastal waters of western North America, but different from that in more sheltered waters of British Columbia. The spring bloom occurred in May, 1 month later than is usual in the Strait of Georgia and 2 months later than in the coastal fjords of southwestern British Columbia. In Barkley Sound, the summer plankton was dominated by diatoms owing to persistent upwelling offshore with onshore advection by wind forcing, whereas in other regions dinoflagellates and nanoflagellates usually predominate in the stratified waters of summer. Plankton distribution patterns allowed a distinction between blooms originating within the system and those advected from offshore. The highest biomass was consistently found in the sheltered northern corner of Barkley Sound (Toquart Bay). At least 14 potentially harmful species were present within the Sound. A rise in saxitoxin in the central island group coincided with an increase of Alexandrium catenella. A rise in domoic acid in the northwest coincided with an increase in Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima and Pseudo-nitzschia pungens. There was considerable interannual variability, indicating the need for longer periods of study. Unpublished evidence points to strong dinoflagellate blooms in the fall.},
	keywords = {diatom pseudonitzschia-australis, domoic acid, fjord system, georgia, nitzschia-pungens, northern strait, phytoplankton ecology, sechelt-inlet, southern vancouver island, spring bloom},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996WE26000016},
	author = {Taylor, F. J. R. and Haigh, R.}
}
@article {451,
	title = {Identification of a domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) in the Dutch Wadden sea with electron microscopy and molecular probes},
	journal = {European Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {31},
	number = {4},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Times Cited: 9ArticleEnglishCited References Count: 33Vx244},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {333-340},
	abstract = {Biological monitoring in the Dutch Wadden Sea between November 1993 and July 1994 revealed Pseudo-nitzschia-like pennate chain-forming diatom species with cell numbers ranging from 10(2) to 10(5) per litre. Cultured isolates and field samples were examined by electron microscopy, which revealed the majority to be Pseudo-nitzschia pungens. This species dominated over other diatoms in the phytoplankton population during November 1993 and at the end of June 1994. At the beginning of June 1994, P. fraudulenta was also present; occasionally, P. delicatissima was observed. One isolate showed the characteristic morphology of P. multiseries. Species-specific polyclonal antibodies and large-subunit (LSU) rRNA-targeted oligonucleotides for North American strains of P. multiseries and P. pungens applied to the European isolates, confirmed species designations based on electron microscopy. The isolate of P. multiseries from the Dutch Wadden Sea produced domoic acid; after 55 days of growth about 19 pg per cell was measured This is the first report of a domoic acid-producing P. multiseries isolated from European coastal waters.},
	keywords = {amino-acid, culture, diatom pseudonitzschia-australis, diatoms, dinoflagellate, domoic acid, harmful, molecular probes, mussels, outbreak, prince-edward-island, pseudo-nitzschia spp, pungens, shellfish, toxic algae},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://A1996VX24400006},
	author = {Vrieling, E. G. and Koeman, R. P. T. and Scholin, C. A. and Scheerman, P. and Peperzak, L. and Veenhuis, M. and Gieskes, W. W. C.}
}
@article {368,
	title = {Effects of silicate limitation on production of domoic acid, a neurotoxin, by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries 1. Batch culture studies},
	journal = {Marine ecology progress series},
	volume = {131},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ISSN: 0171-8630Bibliogr.: 39 ref.Language: EnglishSummary Language: EnglishInput Center, ASFA: BF9601384},
	month = {MAR},
	pages = {225-233},
	abstract = {Domoic acid (DA) production by Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries was studied at various silicate concentrations and under silicate perturbation. Both slowly dividing and non-dividing populations produced DA, and the production rates were inversely correlated with the ambient silicate concentrations. Production of DA was significantly enhanced when overall cell metabolism (i.e. growth rate) declined as a result of silicate stress. Following silicate starvation, cultures supplemented with silicate registered uptake, but suspended DA production. Results suggest that luxury uptake of Si by P. multiseries may happen only in physiologically active populations, i.e. the exponential phase, but not in the stationary phase. There were 2 stages of DA production. The first stage corresponded to a decline in growth caused by moderately low levels of remaining silicate in the medium, while the second stage was caused by severe silicate limitation. The production rate during the second stage (13.67 to 30.20 fg DA/cell/d) was about an order of magnitude higher than during the first stage (0.97 to 4.98 fg DA/cell/d). Increases and decreases in cellular DA content corresponded to decreases and increases in growth rates.},
	keywords = {acids, Algal blooms, Article Subject Terms: limiting factors, Article Taxonomic Terms: Bacillariophyceae, Batch culture, chlorophylls, dangerous, DNA, Environmental Regime:, Growth curves, Marine, medicines, multiseries, neurotoxins, O 1070 Ecology/Community Studies, organic, organisms, Pseudonitzschia, Q1 01461 Plankton, Q5 01524 Public health, Silicates},
	author = {Pan, Y. and Subba Rao, D. V. and Mann, K. H. and Brown, R. G. and R. Pocklington}
}
